Basics of Computer

 

Basics of Computer

Computer

Q: - What is Computer?

Ans: - The ‘Computer’ is a high-speed electronic device that is capable to accept the data as an input, processes it and gives a result step-by-step.

[कंप्यूटर एक तीव्र गति वाली विद्युतीय यन्त्र है जो डाटा को इनपुट के रूप में ग्रहण करता है, उस पर प्रतिक्रिया करता है और एक क्रमबद्ध परिणाम देता है उसे कंप्यूटर या हिंदी में संगणक मशीन कहा जाता है .]  or

Abbreviated Common meaning of Computer

1.      Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and Research

2.    Computer: - C stands for calculation, O stands for operating, M stands for memorizing, P stands for printing, U stands for updating, T stands for tabulating, E stands for editing and R stands for responding or giving an appropriate result.

Details about the mentioned words in definition

·       Calculation (गणना): - A Computer can perform all types of arithmetical and logical calculations.

·       Operating (चलाना) – A computer can operate all types of operations or activities either calculation related or logical related.

Note: -

·       Operators: - A computer operators are used for performing all types of calculations. Such as: - * (Asterisks - Multiply), +, -, /, %, &, = etc., These are operators. But, on the base of its category the following types of operators are used for various purposes –

o   Arithmetic Operators

o   Comparison Operators

o   Reference Operators

o   Text Operators and

o   Logical Operators.

Examples: - 25 + 5 = 30 – In this ‘+’ and ‘=’ are operators. 3 + 2 – 8/2 * 3  = ? – [+, - , /, * /]

·       Memorizing (स्मृति में रखना): - A Computer can memorize everything done on computer. It’s memory works in two ways – As a Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.

o   Primary Memory: - It is used to store the data temporarily. In it, RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory).

o   Secondary Memory: - It is used to store the data permanently. For permanently storing the data we use the following devices – Hard Disk Drive, Pen Drive, CD (Compact Disk), DVD (Digital Video Disk) or other various magnetic drives.

·       Print (छपाई करना ): - We can have a print of our work on computer easily on any paper.

·       Update (नया बनाना)  : - We can update any old thing  on our computer.

·       Tabulation (सारणी बद्ध करना): - On Computer we can use our data in tabular form.

 

·       Edit (संपादन करना ) :- On computer easily we can edit anything on computer.

 

·       Response/Result (जबाब देना या परिणाम देना ): - A computer gives a result as per the give data for access. The result or response is also known as Information.

 

Function of a Computer

There are three functions of a computer –

·       Input – Input means accepting the data.

·       Process/Processing – Giving a reaction upon data.

·       Output – Analyzed data is known as output, result or information.

Examples: -

INDIA – I, N, D, I, A  - India

Data: - Data are the raw materials of information. It may be any character, words, text, image or anything.

Information – The analyzed output or result is called the information.

Examples: - Tea-leaf, Milk, Sugar, Water etc, (Data) ----It will be processing through any stove (Processing) and lastly, we get – Tea (Output, Result or Information).

How to switch on the computer?

Hints: -

Check your electric connection and switch it on – Check your UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) and switch it on if it is connected to the electricity -  Now, switch on your computer – Your computer starts but directly it is not opened, it takes some times, therefore wait for a while – When it opens, it will halt on ‘Log On window’ if it is password protected – Here, type your user id and password and Press – Enter/Click on ‘OK’ button – Now, your computer is opened and you are on the desktop screen, from here you can start your desirable work.

Booting Process: - When we start the computer system it does not start quickly and it takes time to be started, this process is called the ‘Booting Process’. In the booting process the computer operating system (OS) arranges all the loaded system and application software as well as it manages and controls the connected hardware, too. The booting process is fully depended upon the capabilities of the speed computer system.

Log on/Log in: - After finishing the booting process there is halt of screen where we get ‘User’ and ‘Password’ dialog box, this is called the ‘Log on/ Log in Window.

Window Screen/Desktop Screen: - After passing the user and password the scree appears before our sight where some icons, star menu, task bar, time etc, are visible, this screen is known as ‘Window Screen or Desktop Screen’.

Practical on Computer

Refresh: - ‘Refresh’ is the first practical activity on the computer desktop screen. By refreshing the computer screen, we make ready to work the computer smoothly.

How to refresh the computer desktop screen?

Generally, there are two ways to refresh the computer –

a.  By using Clicking option – Steps: - Right Click on the blank area of the desktop screen and click (Left Click) – on ‘Refresh’.

b. By using F5 functional button – Steps: - Click on the blank area of the desktop screen and press – F5 multiple times.

Typing (टंकण कला)

The process of writing through any digital or mechanical keyboard using the typing rule, is called the ‘Typing’.

Note: -

1. For doing the typing work we have to follow some specific rules.

2.  The first lesson – ‘a s d f g /   h j k l ;’ is called the Home Lesson. During typing we have to place our fingers curving on these keys and as per the rules we have to press separately for all the keys available on the keyboard.

3. Generally, when we type without using the shift button, small letters are typed. But, pressing the ‘Shift Button’ we capitalize any letter. Remember, ‘Shift’ buttons are used with the little finger the opposite hand.

4.  During normal typing work ‘Caps Lock’ button is not used.

5.       The ‘Caps Lock’ button is used for special document that contains maximum letters in capital.

Keyboard Layout

Lesson -1

A	S	D	F	G
a	s	d	f	g

H	J	K	L	:
h	j	k	l	;

 

Lesson -2

Q	W	E	R	T
q	w	e	r	t

Y	U	I	O	P
y	u	i	o	p

                 

Lesson -3

Z	X	C	V	B
z	x	c	v	b

N	M	<	>	?
n	m	,	.	/

 

 

Keyboard: - Keyboard is an input device that allows us to enter the data through typing. Generally, there are 104 to 106 or more than it.

Buttons or Keys of Keyboard

·                  Esc (Esc Button): - It is used for various purposes in various applications. Generally, it used to escape the unwanted dialog box or anything on the screen. As another example in Tally Accounting, it is used to come back from any voucher screen or any ledger or group screen.

·                  There are some fixed buttons or keys on which we find – F1 to 12, these keys are called Functional Keys. These keys are use used for special purposes or for various works in various applications.

·                  Shift Button/Key: - for This key is used for various purposes as – Capitalizing the letter during typing, used selecting the multiple items or used with another key as a special function in special program or application. There are two shift keys on computer keyboard – one shift is place in left side and another is place right side.

·                  Space Bar – This is the longest key on the computer keyboard. It is used to leave the common gape during the typing work.

·                  Ctrl (Control) and Alt – These two keys are the special keys which are used for various commands or functions in various application for various purposes.

·                  Tab Key – This key is used in two ways –

o  Leaving the long and fixed gape among the words.

o  Used for special function or commands included with other keys.

·      Backspace – It is used to move the cursor point backward and it is also used for deleting the unwanted text or character backward of the cursor point.

·      Numeric Keys (Nums Lock): - These keys are used for accounting or calculation purposes. Remember, by pressing the ‘Nums Lock’ button we make it enable or disable. In numeric pad there are the keys for numbers as well as the keys for arithmetic calculations.

Note: -

o  (-) – It is used for subtraction or dash.

o  (+) – It is used for adding work.

o  (/) – This is used for division work.

o  (* asterisks) – It is used for multiplication.

·      Navigation Keys: - There are four navigation keys – Left Arrow, Right Arrow, Up Arrow and Down.

Special Keys: - There are lots of special keys on the keyboard which are very necessary to be known.

Home Key: - Home Key is used for various purposes in various application but normally, it is used to jump from last to the beginning. It can be combination with other keys and work as function.

End Key: - End key is used same as we use the Home but it is used for ending purposes.

Page Up/Page Down: - It is used to scroll the page up and down.

Insert: - It is used to insert the text upon the typed character. Generally, this button is not used openly for common action. It is used during coding or other important purpose in special application or program.

Print SysRQ (Print Screen):- It is used to have a snapshot of any open screen and we paste anywhere on windows based program where we use (Ctrl + V).

Note: -

How to type some special Characters: -

·      : (Colon) – Shift + Right Little Finger

·      ; (Semi-Colon) – Use - Right Little Finger

·      / (Slash/Forward Slash) -Use- Right Little Finger

·      \ (Backslash) – Use - Right Little Finger

·      ( - Left/Open Parenthesis/Small Left Bracket) – Shift + 9

·      ) – Right/Close Parenthesis/Small Right Bracket) – Shift + 0

·      ~ - Tilde – It is used to denote an approximate figure.

·      ^ - Caret – It is used for mathematical calculations.

·      @ - At the rate sign – It is commonly used for e-mails – Shift + 2

·      # - Hash Sign – Shift + 3

·      $ - Dollar Sign – Shift + 4

·      % - Percent Sign – Shift + 5

·      & - Ampersand – Shift + 7

·      * - Astrisk

Software Concept

Instruction: - (अनुदेश) – The systematic, organized and predefined orders is to be called the instruction.

Note: -

Order – Order is not defined but it occurs without any pre-information.

Program – A set of instructions which is used for performing a special task or function, is to be called a program.

Software – A set of programs which is used for performing a special modified task can be called the Software.

Types of Software

Generally, there are two types of Software –

a.    System Software and

b.   Application Software.

 

·             System Software: - The system softwares are the basic need of the computer. The system software tells the computer how to run. There are also two types of system softwares: -

·       Language Softwares: - The language softwares which are used for coding purpose for generating a new program, are called language softwares. Such as: - C, C++, JAVA (Core Java and Advance Java), Basic, Q Basic, COBOL, FORTRAN, HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language), DHTML (Dynamic Hyper Text Mark-up Language), SQL (Structured Query Language), Oracle, FoxPro etc.

·        Operating System (OS): - An operating system works like an interpreter. It converts the machine language into the user’s language what the user understands during the operating the computer. For examples: - Windows 98, Win XP, Win Vista, Win7, Win 8/8.1, Win 10 etc.

·             Application Software: - The softwares which are the need of users for their convenience. There are two types of application softwares: -

·       Utility Application Softwares: - The softwares which are not automatically loaded on computer. For this, we have to load them through external resources known as application softwares. MS-Office, Page Maker, Photoshop, Tally, Fact, CorelDraw, Illustrator, Beltech Card Designing etc.

·       Internet Application Softwares: -The softwares which are used for internet browsing are called internet application softwares. Such: - Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, UCBrowser, Netscape, Google Chrome etc.

Introduction of Computer Hardware

Hardware: - The physical components attached to the computer system are known as the hardware of computer. There are three units of computer hardware: -    

a.   Input Device: - The devices of computer which are used to insert the data inside the computer are known as input devices. These devices are as follows: - Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Microphone etc.

b.   Output Devices: - The devices which are used to get the result for getting display are known as output devices. Such as: - Monitor (Mono Monitor – Black & White, CRT Monitor – Color Monitor, TFT- Thin Film Transistor, LCD - Liquid-Crystal Display, LED - Light-emitting diode. These all the display units are called VDU – Visual Display Unit), Printer (It is used for getting the print. Dot Matrix, Daisy wheel printer, Inkjet Printer, Laser Printer)    etc.

Note: - These devices are output devices: -

   Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc)

    Printers (all types)

    Plotters.

    Projectors.        

    LCD Projection Panels.

    Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

    Speakers

    Headphone.

c.  Processing Devices: - The devices which are used for processing work and controlling the computer. Such as: - Motherboard (Motherboard is the main board of which all the necessary components have been connected.), CPU (Central Processing Unit – It looks like a chip which is fitted to the motherboard and works as the brain of computer.), RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory). RAM and ROM both are used as primary memory. Hard Disk (This gives the computer for storing the large data inside it). Hard Disk is used as secondary storage devices means we can store the data permanently.

Complete list of devices

Input Devices

  Graphics Tablets

  Cameras

  Video Capture Hardware

  Trackballs

  Barcode Reader

  Digital camera

  Gamepad

  Joystick

·       Keyboard

·       Microphone

·       MIDI keyboard

·       Mouse (pointing device)

·       Scanner

·       Webcam

·       Touchpads

·       Pen Input

·       Microphone

·       Electronic Whiteboard

OUTPUT DEVICES

  Monitor

  Printers (all types)

  Plotters

  Projector

  LCD Projection Panels

  Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

  Speaker(s)

 

 

Other hardware of the computers

T V tuner: - It is used for TV connection. It is of two types: -

a.   Internal TV Tuner

b.  External TV Tuner.

Video Mixing Card: - It is used for video editing.

Graphic Card: - Graphics card requires when we used video games, video mixing or advance graphical image on the screen.

Web Camera: - Web Camera is used for video call, video chat or video conferencing. Now-a-days all the laptops contain web cameras but in desktop pc we have to attach it as an additional device.

SMPS: - (Switch Mode Power Supply): - It is used in system to supply the electric power to all its connected components.

 UPS: - (Uninterrupted Power Supply): - It gives the continuous power supply to the computer system without any interruption.

Pen Drive: - It is used as secondary portable storage device. It is very tiny and comfortable to carry anywhere for external use. This time it used from 2 GB to 256 Gb or more than it.

Bluetooth: - Bluetooth is used to establish the connectivity to any mobile, keyboard, Bluetooth speaker or other important devices. It is used as wireless connectivity. Generally, there are two types of Bluetooth – Internal and External.

 

Computer’s Mechanism (कंप्यूटर का तंत्र)

Features or Characteristics  of a computer:-

The following facts are the features of a computer: -

1.  High Speed

2.  High Storage Capacity

3.  Accuracy

4.  Versatility

5.  Automation

6.  Diligence

1 Byte = 8 Bits or 1 Character ……..

1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Bytes

1 Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 Kilo Bytes

1 Giga Byte       = 1024 Mega Bytes

1 Tera Byte       =   1024 Giga Bytes

Units of a  Computer

Generally, as we know that computers are made of mainly three types of components. These components have been divided into three units:-

A.         Input Unit: - Those devices/components of computer which are used to enter the data inside the computer system are known as Input Unit. These are: - Keyboard, Mouse, Magnetic Card, Card Reader etc.

B.         System Unit:- Under the system unit those components of computers are counted which control the whole computer system. In this unit the following components are connected:- CPU (Central Processing Unit)/Microprocessor, Motherboard, Memory etc. It has also three units:-

CPU (Central Processing Unit)/Microprocessor is known as the brain of computer. It controls the whole computer. It has also three units:-

1.  Control Unit:- This unit controls and directs the whole component connected with the computer. It helps the data converting.

2.  Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU):- In this unit mathematical and logical operations are controlled by the computer system. In arithmetical operation mathematical works are done and in logical operation logical form of works are done.

3.  Memory Unit :- In memory unit those components are mentioned which are connected with the memories of computers such as:- RAM (Random Access Memory), Rom (Read Only Memory) or other parts of computer’s memory.

Note : -  

Memory is also known as storage device which is used to store the data inside the computer. There are categorized in two parts – Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.

                                                                                    i.      Primary Storage Devices/Primary Memory:- Devices which are used to store the data or information temporarily, are known as primary storage devices or primary memory. It has two kinds:-

1.  ROM:- Read Only Memory

a.   PROM:- Programmable Read Only  Memory

b.  EPROM:- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

c.   EEPROM: Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

2.  RAM:- Random Access Memory

a.   D-RAM:- Dynamic Random Access Memory

b. Static RAM

c.   F-RAM:- Ferromagnetic RAM

                                                                                 ii.      Secondary Memory/Secondary Storage Devices:- The devices which are used to store the data permanently are known as secondary memory or secondary storage devices. Such As:- Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Floppy, Zip, Magnetic Tape, Pen Drive etc. Among these secondary devices hard disk is the main component of a computer system. It is used to store the tremendous data for further use.

C. Output Unit: - Those components which are used to get the final result or output or see its display are output units. Such as: - Monitor (Monitor is also called VDU (Visual Display Unit)), Printer etc.

History of Computers

Computers are the most important part of our life. Now-a-days, without computers we cannot do any work in this science era properly. Now, everywhere we have to face with the computers. But, knowing the details of computers first of all, it is necessary to be acquainted with the history of this popular machine. If we turn out the pages of its history, we find that this was developed in China in 3000 B C for the first time. The first computer’s name was ABACUS. It was the first device to introduce the concept of data storage. This machine is used even today some of the countries. ABACUS is a clay board with number of beads that are placed on rods or wires. The next calculating device logarithm was invented by John Napier in 1550-1617. The use of logarithm enabled him to transform multiplication and division, problems of addition and subtraction. The word logarithm is a combination of Greek words, Loges and arithms. Loges represent the meaning –  Ratio and Arithms represents the meaning – Numbers. When this machine was invented John Napier had no idea of its base. Therefore, a dominant professor of Gresham College, London, name Hurry Briggs invented its base. After this invention the mathematics calculation became very easy. The base of it was invented in the year of 1624.Thereafter; in 1642 a great scientist Blaise Pascal invented the first Mechanical Adding Machine. This was a great invention to the mathematics for division and multiplication. A great textile businessman and scientist Joseph Jacquard invented an Automated Loom in 1804. This loom was very useful for the complicated textile designs. This was the first machine in that programming code was used. This code was written in binary code.              

But the Computers widely started in use when Charles Babbage invented his “Differential Engine” in 1822 and “Analytical Engine” in 1833. These computers became the most significant inventions in the area of computer science. It is also known as the milestone for the computer. Since, Charles Babbage was the first man who introduced us with digital technology, that is why, Charles Babbage is known as the father of modern digital computers. In 1886, Hollerith established his own company called Tabulating Machine Company (TMC). The same company is today known as “INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE” (IBM)

 

Generation of the Computers

Computers appeared after 1940 were classified into five generations, on the basis of technology used.

FIRST GENERATION (1946-1955)

The most popular computer of this generation was ENIAC. The full form of ENIAC is Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchley developed ENIAC at the University Pennsylvania. The main component that was used in this generation was vacuum tube; it was invented by American Physicist Lee Forest in 1906.

                The computer of this generation was very heavy and complicated. In this computer about 18000 vacuum tubes were used. Its weight was about 35 to 55 tons. First generation computer generated too much heat. Hence, it consumed a lot of electricity means it required as this time a town requires. Its size was very large and in keeping this computer we required high maintenance. In this generation the computer programming language was in binary digits 0 and 1, which have special meaning that can be understood by the computer. It was very difficult and complicated to write programs in machine language.  Only, a scientist can operate such computer.

Example of binary digit in mathematics: -

2	121	1
2	60	0
2	30	0
2	15	1
2	7	1
2	3	1
	1

= 1111001Ans.

SECOND GENERATION (1955-1965)

This generation of computers started from the year of 1955 up to the year of 1965. The major development that started the second generation was the invention of transistor. John Burden, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley invented transistor in 1946 in the Bell telephones laboratories. Vacuum tubes were completely replaced by transistors. One transistor was equal to 200 vacuum tubes. Now, it became something compact, and it required less heat and power. In this generation of computers FORTRAN AND COBOL language started using which was easier than machine language.

THIRD GENERATION (1965-1975)

The third generation of computers started from the year of 1965 up to the year of 1975. In this generation, we find that transistors started replacing and IC came in use. IC is also an electronic component, which full form is integrated circuit. Jack Kilby invented IC in the year of 1960.  The computer of third generation was relatively low cost and small size. In this generation of computer had the technique of multi programming and had efficient operating system. In this generation BASIC language was used which was very easy to learn. IC is made of Metal-oxide Semiconductor technology. IC made the computers of this generation 10,000 faster than the computers of first generation.

FOURTH GENERATION (1975-1985)

The computers of fourth generation started in the year of 1975 and existed up to 1985. Although, such computers are used even now, somewhere or the other. In the generation of these computers’ ICs were starting to replace and in the place of them microprocessors started coming in use. A microprocessor chip that is very small and contains an entire Central Processing Unit on a motherboard and, is very easy to fit and very fast in comparison of transistors and ICs. In this generation LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) technologies started in use. The main features of these computers, of which sizes were reduced, price came down and speed became very faster and faster than the computers of previous generations. Now, a common person could buy such computers and easily operated them. CPU is also known as the brain of computer. It works as our mind works for our body. The full form of CPU is Central Processing Unit.

FIFTH GENERATION (1985-Till Now)

The computers of this generation are based on artificial intelligence. These computers are the great boons for the computer science. In this generation VLSI technology was replaced and ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) are in use. The sizes of these computers are much reduced, and price is very less. Now, such computers are used on our laps and some of them are used on our palms. These computers are used for general and special purposes. Features of these computers are: -

It has tremendous speed, it has high storage capacity, very low in price, its size is very compact, on these computers we can easily surf the Internet and we do anything as per our wish etc. In this generation, we can easily work with all types of high-level programming languages like – C, C++, JAVA, Visual Basic and so on. The main feature of these computers is fully based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) which perform as the human bodies. In AI technology the following things are included as –

·      Robotic Features,

·      High-level Gaming Support,

·      Development of expert system and real-time solutions,

·      Great Support of aeronautical inventions and

·      The vast expand of internet world etc.

 

 

 

 

Classification Of Computers:-

Based on above generations computers can be classified in three categories: -

(a.)  Digital Computers

(b.)  Analogue Computers

(c.)     Hybrid Computers

(a.) Digital Computers

Digital Computers are based on digital technology. These computers convert the data into digits and then count the number that represents letters or other special symbols. Mostly these computers are used for business and scientific purpose.

Digital Computers have four kinds:-

1.     Micro Computers: - Micro Computers are also called personal computers. It is a single user computer means a single person can work at a time. These computers are very popular in the market due to the low price. Generally, these computers are used in the office or at home they all are micro/personal computers. Micro Computers have two categories      -

a.   Desktop Computers – The computers which are operated putting their different hardware on the desk of or table are known as the Desktop Computers. They have separated hardware.

b. Portable Computers

(i.)               Laptop Computers

(ii.)             Mini Laptop

(iii.)           Palmtop Computers

(iv.)           Tablet Computers

2.     Minicomputers: - Computers, which are joined with a server and work as clients, are minicomputers. These computers are used in networking for a surrounded area. Some electronic machine like – Ultra-sound machine, X-ray machine etc. are also known as mini-computers but they have no connection to the server and to the clients.

Hints: -

(i.)                      Networking: - To join some computers with a server is called networking.

(ii.)                   Server: - Server is the main computer of the client computers where all the data are stored done on clients.

(iii.)                Clients: - Clients Computers are those computers of which data are stored on a server or the computers which are joined with a certain server are known as clients.

(iv.)                LAN: - Local Area Network

(v.)                   WAN: - Wide Area Network

(vi.)                WWW: - World Web Wide

3.     Mainframe Computers: - When some clients computers have different servers, but they have one main server are known as mainframe computers. A mainframe computer system that is generally powerful than a typical other system. Mainframe computers are used to form a large organization or wide purpose. These computers are also multi-users. More than two hundred people work at a time on mainframe computers whereas on minicomputers at most only fifty people can work.

4.     Super Computers: - Super Computers are more expensive than mini and mainframe computers. These computers are used for scientific purposes, for weather forecasting or for geographical discovery.

How to prepare the table for converting binary to octal?

·       The format of Binary – ()₂

·       The format of Octal – ()₈

·       We need three columns and 8 rows to prepare the table because, when we divide the 8 by 2 by gets its properties as 2³ means -2 x 2 x 2 = 8. There, the format of table will be like this –

8/2 = 4 /2 = 2/2 = 1

0	0	0	0
1	0	0	1
2	0	1	0
3	0	1	1
4	1	0	0
5	1	0	1
6	1	1	0
7	1	1	1

 

Convert the following Octal to Binary -

Examples: -

·       (571)₈ = (101111001)₂

·       (455)₈ = (100101101)₂

·       (255.7)₈ = (010101101.111)₂

Convert the following Binary to Octal -

Examples: -

·       (10101011)₂ = (253)₈

·       (10011)₂ = (23)₈

·       (10.11)₂ = (2.6)₈

Conversion of Binary into Hexa-Decimal and vise-versa

2⁴ = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16

Note: -

·       Power means the total number of columns and 16 means the total numbers of rows. Therefore, the table format will be as below –

0	0	0	0	0
1	0	0	0	1
2	0	0	1	0
3	0	0	1	1
4	0	1	0	0
5	0	1	0	1
6	0	1	1	0
7	0	1	1	1
8	1	0	0	0
9	1	0	0	1
A	1	0	1	0
B	1	0	1	1
C	1	1	0	0
D	1	1	0	1
E	1	1	1	0
F	1	1	1	1

 

Convert the following Hexa-Decimal to Binary -

Examples: -

·       (61)₁₆ = (01100001)₂

·       (8A.D)¹⁶ = (10001010.1101)₂

Convert the following Binary to Hexa-Decimal -

Examples: -

·       (101101)₂ = (2D)₁₆

 

 

 

Conversion of Octal into Hexa-Decimal and Vise-versa

 

 

Conversion of Hexa-Decimal into Octal

 

 

Convert the following into Octal to Hexa-Decimal -

Examples: -

·       (76.1)₈ = ()₁₆

Steps: -

First Change it into Binary –

0	0	0	0
1	0	0	1
2	0	1	0
3	0	1	1
4	1	0	0
5	1	0	1
6	1	1	0
7	1	1	1

 

(111110.001)₂ =

0	0	0	0	0
1	0	0	0	1
2	0	0	1	0
3	0	0	1	1
4	0	1	0	0
5	0	1	0	1
6	0	1	1	0
7	0	1	1	1
8	1	0	0	0
9	1	0	0	1
A	1	0	1	0
B	1	0	1	1
C	1	1	0	0
D	1	1	0	1
E	1	1	1	0
F	1	1	1	1

 

(3E.2)₁₆

 

_·         (7A.C)_{16 =} (01111010.1100)_{2 =}  (172.60)₈

·        

 

How to operate the different application software or programs on computer?

There are two types of application softwares or programs available on computer system –

·       Preloaded and

·       External Loaded.

Preloaded Application Programs: - Programs which are auto-loaded with operating system are known as Pre-loaded Application Programs.

Notepad (Version 2022)

Notepad: - Notepad is a common or general writing application program in which we can type anything, but we cannot modify the text in a broad way. It also works as a word-processor program.  Notepad is also basically used for the coding-editor for HTML programming for Website creation.

How to open it?

Steps: - Press the Window Key – Type ‘notepad’ in the search box – and press the ‘Enter’ button.

Assignment –

A quick brown fox jumps over the sleeping lazy dog. – Type this line 50 times in Notepad program. Note – Don’t save it.

Details of Notepad

When we open the Notepad, we get the following parts itself. They are as follows –

Title Bar – The top part the of the Notepad where we get its file name is called the Title Bar. It shows its file what we save or saved but before saving the file it shows the default name – ‘Untitled – Notepad’

There are three buttons at the right side of the Title Bar. These are –

·       Minimize Button (-)

·       Restore Button which in rectangular shape ( )

·       Close Button (X)

Note: -

·       Minimize Button is used to shrink the open window move to the Task Bar. The short-cut to minimize any opened window we use – (Window Key + M) and restore the same window we use (Window Key + Shift + M)

Assignment –

Type any three paragraphs which contains at least five sentence.