MAHATMA GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2^nd October 1869 – and died on 30^th January 1948. He was a great lover of truth and non-violence. He made it his weapons against the ‘British Rule’ and our India became free from the slavery of Britishers. He is also basically known as ‘Bappu’ means the father of nation. He was not only a great politician but also, he was a successful writer. He wrote lots of books, proses and other articles. His famous creations are – ‘My Experiments With the Truth’, ‘Autobiography’, ‘Indian Civilization and Culture’ etc.

Indian Civilization and Culture –

Culture –

Civilized – Well-cultured

Civilize –

Savage –

Evolved – Developed

Fate – Luck, Destiny

Chaste -Spotless, Virtuous

Tendency – Aim,

Elevate – To raise

Sheet anchor – Security

Convertible – Exchangeable, That can be converted

Unbridled – Uncontrolled, Unrestrained

Pharaohs – Rulers of ancient Egypt

Immovable – Firm, Constant

Glory – Magnificence, Beauty

Stolid – Slow-witted

Dissuaded – Advised against, Persuaded against –

Indigenous – Native, home-grown

Life-corroding – Destroying life gradually

Moral-fibre – Character

Deliberation – Consideration and discussion, Reflection

Snare – Trap

Encumbrance - Burden

Vice – Evil, Wickedness

Flourishing – Thriving, growing healthy manner

Anvil – A metal block on which a blacksmith shapes metal objects with hammer

Touts – Person employed in soliciting customers

Lure – Entice, Tempt

Votaries – Devotees

Elevate – To raise, To exalt

Propagate – To spread ideas, beliefs etc. more widely

Behoves – necessary, to be right

Cling – to adhere, to stick

To shun – to keep away

Unadulterated – Complete

Insatiableness – State of not being satisfied

Battering – Exchanging goods or property etc.

Enamoured - Captivated

To ruin – To destroy

Assimilation – Integration

The Golden Fleece – An object very difficult to attain

Hindrance – Something or somebody that obstructs

Delusion – Misconception

Voluptuousness – Comfort – [foykflrk]

Questions and answers: -

Q: - Write down the critical appreciation the prose ‘Indian Civilization and Culture’ written by Mahatma Gandhi.

Ans:- Who doesn’t know the name of Mahatma Gandhi in the world.? Everyone is acquainted with this great name. Mahatma Gandhi is popularly known as ‘Bapu’ or the father of nation. He has adopted truth and non-violence as a chief weapon in the fighting of freedom for India against the British Rule and by his truth and non-violence the English had to quit India on 15^th August, 1947. Indeed, he was not only a great freedom fighter but also, he was once a successful writer. He has written so many books, articles, autobiography or the pieces of prose.

The present prose ‘Indian Civilization and Culture’ is his masterpiece creation. In this, he has beautifully described about the strength of Indian civilization and culture. He has focused on how great our India is, and how powerful the ancient civilization of here is. He says in this prose there had been so many civilizations came in form but they have no existence at present but Indian civilization is as powerful as it was before.

Gandhiji tells that our civilization has a beautiful meaning in Guajarati - ‘ The good conduct’. This meaning is very powerful and inspiring. Our civilization teaches us the method of behaving with others but in comparison to western civilization, we do not find such meaning. Gandhiji also points out that our civilization elevates the moral attitudes and on the contrary, the western civilization propagates the immorality. Gandhiji also notices that the people are running after material pleasure while he says the real pleasure is existed in the peace of our mind not in material world. According to the essayist, our real happiness resides in controlling over our wants not to multiplying them because he says that the mind is a restless bird. The more it gets the more it wants. Therefore, we should have a proper control over these unbridled wants.

Mahatma Gandhi has also focused on the universal discoveries of India which are the great inventions in comparison of machines and technology. Mahatma Gandhi believes that modern technologies make us idle while the inventions of our Indian culture and our civilization provides us peace and comfort. In this chapter we get several inspiring materials which are indeed a matter of great pride for the glory of India.

Thus, we can say that Mahatma Gandhi’s thought is indeed praise-worthy and remarkable. We all can get so many lessons from this beautiful prose/essay.

Composition –

Change the following into abstract nouns: -

Convert – Conversion

Perform – Performance

Define – Definition

Please – Pleasant

Educate –Education

Observe – Observation

Write down only one word for the following definition or group of words –

One who teaches the students –

One who gives the treatment to the patients –

Made of own homeland –

Slow-witted –

Advise against –

Rulers of ancient Egypt –

Destroying life gradually –

Moral-fibre –

The group of devotees of someone -

Indian Civilization and Culture

Q:- What do you know about Gandhiji?

Ans:- ‘Gandhiji’ is especially known as the father of nation who proved that every conflict can be resolved by truth and non-violence and he proved it also, and we achieved the freedom by using these weapons.

Q:- What did Gandhi do for the farmers in Bihar?

Ans:- It was Gandhi who got all the farmers in Bihar freed from the slavery of Indigo.

Q:- What do you understand by civilization and culture?

Ans:- ‘Civilization’ refers the manner of human’s life where we live and get our education. It refers to the conduct and behavior of us. It teaches how to face the society, how to elevate the value of our country and how to raise our moral characters. On the other hand, the ‘Culture’ is a bit different from it. It refers to our arts, languages what we speak, literatures what we study, tradition what we face in society and tradition what we have been following from the past and it also refers to our religious beliefs.

Q:- What do holy scriptures tell us about universal human values?

Ans:-The holy scriptures refer the different religions of our country. Although, they look different in form but all have their same universal values. They teach us how to live together, to be truthful, kind and sympathetic to all the creatures. They don’t teach that we are only Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs or Christians; we are the human beings first and foremost.

Q:- Complete the following sentences on the basis of what you have studied:

a. India’s glory is that it remains immovable.

b. The charge against India is that her people are very uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes.

c. We dare not change what we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience.

d. Our ancestors set a limit to our indulgences because the more we indulge in our passion, the more unbridled they become.

e. Our forefathers did not invent machinery because they knew if we set our hearts after such things, we become slaves and lose our more fibre.

Q:- How is Indian civilization different from European civilization?

Ans:- Indian civilization is by far very different from the European civilization. The aim of Indian civilization is to elevate the morality and it is based on spiritual teachings whereas, the European civilization propagates immorality and it has no any spiritual identification in the world.

Q:- Why does Gandhiji say that ‘Mind is a restless bird’? What makes the mind restless?

Ans:- Gandhiji says that our mind is a restless bird. The more it gets, the more it wants. We have limitless requirements but all the requirements are not necessary to be fulfilled. If we wander with our limitless thoughts or wants we cannot live peacefully. Therefore, Gandhiji tells that our mind must be in control.

Q:- Why did our ancestors dissuade us from luxuries and pleasures? Did they do the right thing?

Ans:- Our ancestors used to be strict in self-disciplined, stout in their words and self-reliant. They used to be laborious, religious and they were not shirkers, they always abstained themselves from the luxuries and pleasure. They were totally banked on the labour of their hands and feet. Because of this, they used to be complete healthy and strong. And, they knew if they stop working they would be useless and sick. Therefore, they dissuaded themselves from luxuries and pleasures and they did quite good to do so.

Q:- Why, according to Gandhi, have we stuck with same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago? Should we do the same thing even today?

Ans:- As we know that our real progress has been wholly depending on our agricultural system. If farming is stopped, our all financial progress would be stopped. Since beginning Indian agricultural system had been on the top of the world because of our ancestors labour. Their techniques were completely unique and adoptable. That is why; we must stick with the same kind of plough as it existed thousands of years ago. We must do the same thing even today because only by adopting their cultivation system we can be progressed in the field of farming.

Q:- How did our ancestors view large cities? Why were they satisfied with small villages?

Ans:- In Gandhiji’s opinion, our ancestors had a view that large cities were a snare and a useless encumbrance and people would not be happy in them, because, that there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitutions and vice would be flourishing in them. There the poor would be tortured by the rich. Therefore, they were satisfied with their small villages.

Q:- How did our ancestors enjoy true ‘Home Rule’?

Ans:- Our ancestors faced with kings and their warriors with their kingdoms. They were seen knelt down before saints and fakirs of that time. That time also there were courts and have – doctors, pleaders and other public servants but they did not rob the people. Their happiness was in to serve the people. The people were independently based on agriculture and with their home made articles. They carried their livelihood by hard labour. The evil-doers were found in the capital. This way, our ancestors enjoyed themselves with their true ‘Home Rule’.

Q:- What according to the author, is modern civilization?

Ans:- In his opinion, modern civilization is nothing but it is the worship of materialism and the brutality in us. People are running after the material happiness, they don’t think about the happiness of mind. They wonder in quenching the thirst of worldly appetite which has no permanent existence in the transient world.

Q:- What did the author convey to the countrymen about dealing with modern civilization?

Ans:- As we know that Gandhiji was a great versatile personality who has tried his best to convey to the countrymen to control over their wants instead of multiplying them. It has the reasons that our mind is restless bird the more it gets, the more it wishes to get. Through this inspirited essay he conveys to limit our wants not to multiply it.

Q:- What is the distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization?

Ans:- The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is unlimited multiplicity of human wants and materialism.

Q:- The author perceived(felt) danger from modern invention. How?

Ans:- Mahatma Gandhi says that our ancestors had also the idea about the inventions of machines but they were self in-depended and believed in physical work. They were happy with their physical efforts. But, modern people are idlers they are being depended on machines which are too harmful for our real happiness. The machines give the momentary pleasure. They affect our body and make them useless. That is why; the author perceives danger from the modern inventions.

Q:- What does the author prefer to materialism?

Ans:- The each statement of Gandhiji gives us a very valuable moral lesson. He likes to restrict our multiplying wants. He prefers self control over infinite wants to materialism. He also prefers spirituality, sound character and self-reliant.

Q:- What does our civilization depend upon?

Ans:- Our civilization is depended upon restricting our wants and self-indulgence. It is also banked upon spirituality and sound character of human beings.

Q:- What is civilization in the real sense of the term?

Ans:- Our civilization in the real sense of the term does not consist in multiplication of want whereas it consists in deliberation and voluntary restriction of wants. It increases and promotes contentment and real happiness and capacity for service.

Q:- ‘I BELIEVE that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world’. What does Gandhi mean by this statement? Do you subscribe to his views?

Ans:- Gandhiji was not only a great author of any essay but he was a great son of India who was stuff with patriotism to the land and its civilization and culture. No doubt, whatever he has explained through the current essay is not only true and real but also the statements delivered by Gandhi are of great importance in the glory and pride of India. He has stated that Indian civilization was alive, is alive and will be forever alive. It is itself so strong and stout that it needs not to learn something from others. Our Indian civilization and culture is world reputed. It has an international recognition. Through our civilization and culture the other countries have to take lessons but Indians don’t have to adopt anything. In the views of Gandhiji, Indian civilization always has been an inspiration to the world.

BHARAT IS MY HOME

Words: -

Freedom, Educationist, As well as, Eminent, Earlier, Governor, Extract, Speech, To deliver one’s speech, To take an oath, Maiden speech, Pledge, Confess, Overwhelmed, Erudition (Great knowledge), Ceased (Stopped), Champion the right of living, Dignity, Oneness of all true spiritual values, Ethic (cultural), Humility (Humbleness, modesty), Presumption ( An idea that is taken to be true, Belief), Endeavour (earnest attempt), Unparingly (without having mercy), Peril (serous and immediate danger), Approximation (coming near but not exactly), Requisite (Required, necessary), Loyality, Co-operation, Assure, Pursuit, Prayful, Diverse, Strive, Inadequate, Static, Dynamic, Prospect, Constant, Entirely, On account of, Pace, Sheer, Frustration, Endemic, Sincere, Mutually, Render, Flavour, Inheritance, Enchant, Enterprise, Facinating, Worthy, Earnest, Inconveniently

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘Bharat Is My Home’.

Ans:- ‘Bharat is my home’ is a speech delivered by the writer himself –Dr. Zakir Husain when he was elected as the president of India in 1967. This speech was delivered after taking oath as the president. In this speech, Dr. Zakir Husain addresses the people of India and says that the entire country is like a home for him, and all the people are like the members of this huge home. He asserts that he will serve the country without distinguishing caste, creed, and color. He appreciates the contribution of the former president – Dr. Radhakrishnan. He also praises the constitution of the country and says that our constitution is one of the best constitutions among all the constitutions in the world. He remembers our old values and in this regard, he says that past is never dead. From the past we learn a lot and leads us path. He promises to follow the old heritage and to maintain our past glory. He emphasizes education to be the real vehicle of progress and development of the nation.

At last, he appeals to the people to work together to strengthen the country living united. As he says that he fully understands the liabilities as well as the responsibilities of a head of the family. He assures the people to serve the country with the core of his heart.

By far, Dr. Zakir Husain was also a great son of our soil of the land. Through this speech he has beautifully explained his patriotism.

Matching Test –

Requisite – Necessary

Peril – Threat

Presumption – Opinion

Ethnic – Racial

Pledge – Promise

Phrases:-

Pursuit of –

डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन

Dr Zakir Hussain Biography in Hindi

राजनेता

स्रोत: indiatvnews.com

जन्म: 8 फरवरी, 1897, हैदराबाद, तेलन्गाना

मृत्यु: 3 मई, 1969, दिल्ली

कार्य: भारत के तीसरे राष्ट्रपति

जाकिर हुसैन का बचपन और प्रारंभिक जीवन

डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन का जन्म तेलन्गाना के हैदराबाद में 8 फरवरी, 1897 में हुआ था. जन्म के बाद उनका परिवार उत्तर प्रदेश के फरुक्खाबाद जिले के कायमगंज में बस गया. यद्यपि उनका जन्म भारत में हुआ था, परन्तु उनके परिवार के पुराने इतिहास को देखा जाय तो ये वर्तमान पश्तून जनजाति वाले पाकिस्तान और अफगानिस्तान के सीमावर्ती इलाकों से सम्बन्ध रखते थे. यह भी कहा जाता है कि उनके पूर्वज 18वीं शताब्दी के दौरान वर्तमान पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश में आकर बस गए थे. जब वह केवल 10 वर्ष के थे तो उनके पिता चल बसे और 14 वर्ष की उम्र में उनकी माँ का निधन हो गया था. युवा जाकिर ने इटावा में इस्लामिया हाई स्कूल से अपनी प्रारम्भिक स्कूली शिक्षा पूरी की. बाद में उन्होंने अपनी उच्च शिक्षा के लिए अलीगढ़ में एंग्लो-मुहम्मडन ओरिएंटल कॉलेज (जो आजकल अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में जाना जाता है) में दाखिला लिया. यहीं से उन्होंने एक युवा सुधारवादी राजनेता के रूप में अपने कैरियर की शुरुआत की.

एक भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी के रूप में योगदान

डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन 13 मई, 1967 से 3 मई, 1969 तक स्वतंत्र भारत के तीसरे राष्ट्रपति रहे. डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन भारत में आधुनिक शिक्षा के सबसे बड़े समर्थकों में से एक थे और उन्होंने अपने नेतृत्व में राष्ट्रीय मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय को स्थापित किया. उनके द्वारा स्थापित राष्ट्रीय मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय आजकल जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया के नाम से एक केन्द्रीय विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में नई दिल्ली में मौजूद है, जहाँ से हजारों छात्र प्रत्येक वर्ष अनेक विषयों में शिक्षा ग्रहण करते हैं. डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन ने बिहार के राज्यपाल के रूप में भी सेवा की थी और इसके बाद वे अपना राजनीतिक कैरियर समाप्त होने से पहले वे देश के उपराष्ट्रपति रहे तथा बाद में वे भारत के तीसरे राष्ट्रपति भी बने.

बीच के वर्षों की गतिविधियां

जाकिर हुसैन को अलीगढ़ के एंग्लो-मुहम्मडन ओरिएंटल कॉलेज में अध्ययन के वर्षों के दौरान से ही एक छात्र नेता के रूप में पहचान मिली। राजनीति के साथ-साथ उनकी दिलचस्पी उच्च शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में भी थी. अपनी औपचारिक उच्च शिक्षा पूरी करने के बाद वे 29 अक्टूबर, 1920 को उन्होंने कुछ छात्रों और शिक्षकों के साथ मिलकर अलीगढ़ में राष्ट्रीय मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की (वर्ष 1925 में यह यूनिवर्सिटी करोल बाग, नई दिल्ली में स्थानांतरित हो गयी. दस वर्षों बाद यह फिर से यह जामिया नगर, नई दिल्ली में स्थायी रूप से स्थानांतरित कर दी गयी और इसका नाम जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया रखा गया था). इस समय उनकी मात्र 23 साल थी.

जाकिर हुसैन की गहरी रुचि और समर्पण, राजनीति की तुलना में शिक्षा के प्रति अधिक था, जिसका स्पष्ट प्रमाण उनका अर्थशास्त्र में पीएचडी की डिग्री के लिए जर्मनी जाना था. जब वे बर्लिन विश्वविद्यालय में थे तो उन्होंने प्रसिद्ध उर्दू शायर मिर्जा खान गालिब के कुछ अच्छे शायरियों का संकलन किया था. जाकिर हुसैन का विचार था कि शिक्षा का मकसद अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ आजादी की लड़ाई के दौरान भारत की मदद के लिए मुख्य उपकरण के रूप उपयोग करना था। वास्तव में जाकिर हुसैन का भारत में शिक्षा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लक्ष्य के प्रति इतना समर्पण था कि वे अपने प्रबल राजनीतिक विरोधी मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना का भी ध्यान अपनी तरफ खींचने में सफल रहे.

भारत लौटने के बाद की गतिविधियां

डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन उच्च शिक्षा के लिए जर्मनी गए थे परन्तु जल्द ही वे भारत लौट आये. वापस आकर उन्होंने जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया को अपना शैक्षणिक और प्रशासनिक नेतृत्व प्रदान किया. विश्वविद्यालय वर्ष 1927 में बंद होने के कगार पर पहुँच था, लेकिन डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन के प्रयासों की वजह यह शैक्षिक संस्थान अपनी लोकप्रियता बरकरार रखने में कामयाब रहा था. उन्होंने लगातार अपना समर्थन देना जारी रखा, इस प्रकार उन्होंने इक्कीस वर्षों तक संस्था को अपना शैक्षिक और प्रबंधकीय नेतृत्व प्रदान किया. उनके प्रयासों की वजह से इस विश्वविद्यालय ने ब्रिटिश शासन से भारत की आजादी के लिए संघर्ष में योगदान दिया. एक शिक्षक के रूप में डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन ने महात्मा गांधी और हाकिम अजमल खान के आदर्शों को प्रचारित किया। उन्होंने वर्ष 1930 के दशक के मध्य तक देश के कई शैक्षिक सुधार आंदोलन में एक सक्रिय सदस्य के रूप में कार्य किया.

डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन स्वतंत्र भारत में अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति (पहले इसे एंग्लो-मुहम्मडन ओरिएंटल कॉलेज के नाम से जाना जाता था) चुने गए. वाइस चांसलर के रूप में अपने कार्यकाल के दौरान डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन ने पाकिस्तान के रूप में एक अलग देश बनाने की मांग के समर्थन में इस संस्था के अन्दर कार्यरत कई शिक्षकों को ऐसा करने से रोकने में सक्षम हुए. डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन को वर्ष 1954 में पद्म विभूषण से सम्मानित किया गया. डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन को अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति के रूप में अपने कार्यकाल के अंत में राज्यसभा के लिए मनोनीत किया गया था. इस प्रकार वे वर्ष 1956 में भारतीय संसद के सदस्य बन गये. वे केवल एक वर्ष के लिए बिहार के राज्यपाल बनाए, पर बाद में वे पांच वर्ष (1957 से 1962) तक इस पद पर बने रहे.

जाकिर हुसैन को उनके कार्यों को देखते हुआ वर्ष 1963 में भारत रत्न पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया. दिल्ली, कोलकाता, अलीगढ़, इलाहाबाद और काहिरा विश्वविद्यालयों ने उन्हें उन्होंने डि-लिट् (मानद) उपाधि से सम्मानित किया था. राज्यपाल के रूप में अपने कार्यकाल के अंत के साथ ही डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन पांच वर्ष की अवधि के लिए देश के दूसरे उप-राष्ट्रपति चुने गए. उन्होंने 13 मई, 1967 को राष्ट्रपति पद ग्रहण किया. इस प्रकार वे भारत के पहले मुस्लिम राष्ट्रपति बने. वे डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद और सर्वपल्ली राधाकृष्णन के बाद राष्ट्रपति पद पर पहुचने वाले तीसरे राजनीतिज्ञ थे.

निधन

भारत के राष्ट्रपति के रूप में शपथ लेने के दो साल के बाद ही 3 मई, 1969 को डॉ. जाकिर हुसैन का निधन हो गया. वे पहले राष्ट्रपति थे जिनका निधन कार्यकाल के दौरान ही हुआ. उन्हें नई दिल्ली में जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया (केन्द्रीय विश्वविद्यालय ) के परिसर में दफनाया गया है.

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‘A Pinch of Snuff’.

Words: -

Wire, Fawning (Greasy), Puckering (knitting together), Wreathed (Adorned), Swearwords (Bad words), Tramping (Marching), Expletives (Bad languages), Garnish (Pretty), Convention (Confrence, Meeting), Trailed off (Grew faint), Wadding (Strolling), Sparred (Argued), Ingratiating (Flattering), Legitimate (Fair, lawful), Flicking (Tapping), At daggers drawn (Quarrelling, Enmity), Auspicous (Flavourable, Promissing), Chirpy (Happy), Liveried (Uniformed), Outladish (Extremely miser), Brandishing (waving hands so that other can see it), Stickler (Perfectionist).

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘A Pinch of Snuff’.

Ans:- ‘A Pinch of Snuff’ is a beautiful short story written by Manohar Malgaonkar. In this story the writer has beautifully decorated his Indian’s styles. Although Malgaonkar has written so many stories but the present story is the best among them.

This story has been taken from ‘Contemporary Indian short stories in English’. It is full of profound comedy and full of wit. This story begins with the arrival of the guest named ‘Nanukaka’ from Delhi who is his mother’s brother. The author does not like any guest come to his house but he is compelled by his mother to bring the guest from the railway station. The author goes to the station for receiving his guest. His guest ‘Nanukaka’ is standing at gate of train’s compartment with a basket. The author is given that basket in which there is a small cat by Nanukaka. Nanukaka shows his dignity how he travels in second class on the ticket of third class. From the travelling period he starts his tricky method to allure persons. The author asks him about his arrival. He declares that he wants to meet some ministers. Although, the author is himself the undersecretary, so he feels the meeting of ministers. Before every action Nanukaka is habituated to have a pinch of snuff. As Nanukaka feels himself a great versatile and important personality. He arranges a new car and he makes the author as his driver and reaches at the office of ministers but for the first time his time is invested with hot talk among the peons and clerks. After this, Nanukaka makes a plan to meet minister Sohanlal. For this, he changes his new dress and he also changes the dress of author. When they both reach there, Nanukaka tells that he is a big gun to impress the minster. Sometimes he says himself a hereditary astrologer to the Maharaja of Ninnor, it proves that he is a great scholar.

This way, this story is full of comedy and ridiculous statements. The author’s view is indeed remarkable and, ideas to put the name- ‘A Pinch of snuff’ is also suitable to this story. Everything is well especially the conversation presented in this story is praise-worthy.

I have a dream

Words: -

Momentous – Very ImportantDecree – Pronouncement

Seared – Burnt

Manacles – Handcuffs, The fight for freedom

Segregation – The divion of caste

Languishing – To fail to be successful.

Exile – To banish, Refugee

Appalling –Extremely bad, shocking,

Hallowed – To make holy

Inextricably – Closely

Sweltering – Hot and perpiring

Tribulations – Great troubles

Ghetto – A slum area

Battered – Worn out, Crushed

Perscution – Bad and cruel treatment –

Staggered – Shocked, Amazed

Redemptive – Giving salvation,

Wallow – Lurch

Oasis - A safe place

Prodigious – Very great in size

Segregation – Seperation

Racial – Tribal

Discrimination – Differences, Judgement

Assassination – To kill, to murder

Emancipation – Release, Liberation

Withering – Destroying

Injustice – Unfairness

Joyous – Blissfull-

Daybreak – The sun rise

Captivity – Custody

Tagic fact – A sad matter

Crippled – Handicapped

Overlook – To ignore

Whirlwinds – Hurricanes

Invigorating - Powerful

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘I have a dream’.

Ans:- ‘Martin Luther King Jr.’ is one of the greatest revolutionaries whose contribution is so great for the people of his country that they will remember him for long. As far as the present piece ‘I have a dream’ is concerned it is a speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr, on the steps of the Lincon memorial Washington D.C. in 1963. On the occasion, he pays tribute to Abrham Lincon. This speech is against the segregation and discrimination of Negros who had been living in America like slaves and beasts. They were treated, as they are very backward people over there. The present speech was a great light for the Negros. In this speech, the speaker speaks about his dream of seeing Albama as a developed state. He wants to make it free form the racial distinction between whites and the blacks.

King Luther tells that he has the dream to see that nation will rise up and live together with true meaning of its creed. He says that all men are created equal. Therefore, we must not have distinction on the base of creed, caste and color. He dreams that one day the sons of whites and blacks will eat on the same table with full of brotherhood. There will be freedom and justice everywhere. The coming generation will not be judged by the color of their skin by the content of their character. There is hope for the transformed situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. At last King Luther says that there will be one mission, one way and one thinking, and justice. If America wants to be a great nation, this dream must come true.

By far, King Martin Luther was a great son who contributed a great thought for the welfare of Negros. He was the youngest winner of Nobel Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘Ideas That have Helped Mankind’.

Ans:- ‘Bertrand Arthur William Russell’ has established himself as a philosopher, historian, mathematician and prolific writer of English literature. He is a Nobel Prize winner. His comments on various topics have been a great impact for the people and for the literature.

Present essay ‘Ideas That Have Helped Mankind’ is one of the greatest thoughts of the writer. Russell describes about those ideas that have helped primitive mankind. He explains that the numbers of ideas might have helped the mankind in ancient days. In earlier days, men have faced a great deal of difficulties to do anything. Russell says there might have two types of ideas – The first knowledge and techniques, and another may be moral and politics. The knowledge of language helped mankind to hand on inventions. It is said that the language began to speak very gradually. Another, great step was the utilization of fire which was most helpful to the men to save themselves from the wild animals and fire helped them to cook food by the help of it. Then, taming of domestic animals like the dog, the cow, the sheep were also most important thing of that primitive age. Thereafter, the invention of agriculture was even more important than the domestication of animals. The agriculture changed the human being a great extent.

By far, the great writer Russell has tried his best to expose his beautiful ideas about the development of the human beings and the inventions that have helped us a lot in all the fields.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘The Artist’.

Ans:- ‘The Artist’ is a short story written by the Japanese Short story-writer named Shiga Naoya. In this story the writer describes how a budding artist of twelve years old only is misunderstood by the elderly people and how his talent is damaged.

This story begins with a boy named Seibei who is deeply interested in guards. He purchases the guards, makes a neat hole at the top, and extracts the seeds. He fills the hole with tea-leaves lest it gives unpleasant guard smell. Then, he polished it with wine left by his father in the glass. Seibei always wanders in the town in search of guards. He knows all the places of his town, where guards were sold. Once, he looks a beautiful guard, which was being sold by an old woman. He goes to his house, brings money and purchases that guard. He reaches at school and sitting on the bench starts polishing his guard under his desk in class-time. The teacher catches him. The teacher rebukes him for his work. The teacher takes away the guard from him. He remains silent. Seibei comes to house with a heavy face. After a while, his teacher also reaches there and tells the full story, and complaints against for his work Seibei. The teacher also charges her being ignorant of her boy’s act. That time, his father is not present at home. After some times, his father comes. He is angry at the behavior of his son. He grabs his son’s collar and gives him a sound beating. His father smashes his all the guards into pieces by hammer. Seibei says nothing but standing silent. His teacher gives the new purchased guard to the school-peon who sells it in the market. Now, Seibei, leaves this work and start painting but for this work also he has to listen abusing matter from his father.

Therefore, this story represents how the elders of us smash our artistic power, which is also necessary for the future. Indeed, this short story is very fine, which compels us to think.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘A Child is Born’.

Ans:- ‘A Child is Born’ has been extracted from Germaine Greer’s book named ‘ Sex and Destiny : The Politics of Human Fertility’. In this chapter the writeress mentions the social and cultural aspects of women’s life. She believes that society has been constructed for the benefits of male. She also describes in this chapter cultural aspects regarding child-birth and parent-child relationship.

Greer says that in traditional societies, when a woman conducts pregnancy. She gets supports from her husband, her relatives and other members of her family. This great support increases here sense of security and confidence. In numerous of society, women go to live with her mother-in-law after. It is said that such women become the member of their new family when she delivers a child. If a girl is lucky, she goes to her mother’s home to care her pregnancy. Over here, she gets love very much. She eats the food of her own choice. The pregnancy is a kind of celebration. When the baby is born, the whole family enjoys it.

Through this essay, ‘Greer’ has tried his best to describe about the birth of a child and the relationship of parents with that. The essayist’s emotional sentiments are indeed praise-worthy.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘How Free Is The Press’.

Ans:- ‘How free is the press’ is the finest essay written by the first woman who has graduated from Oxford University named Dorothy L. Sayers. In this essay, she has written about the misuse of the freedom of the press. It is believed that there cannot be free people without the freedom of the press. But, we should consider here about the meaning of the freedom of the press. Here, the essayist says that freedom from direction or censorship by the government. An authority of the press is quite clear that it can attack of politics and can interfere foreign policies diplomatic rules. It is free to do anything. And, occasionally, it can be a weapon to threat the government. Here, all the works are positive attitude of the press. But, sometimes, this freedom is misused by the press. Essayist says that our democracy teaches us that the state is not the master but the servant of the public. Advertisement is the biggest source of the income for the press or newspapers. So, the press designs its policy in the favour of advertisers. The policy of the newspaper is shaped by the interest of their owners. These factors cause the misuse of the press.

Thus the essayist points out that a press must go with the truth not with the injustice factors.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘India Through A Traveller’s Eyes.

Ans:- The essay ‘India Through Traveller’s Eyes’ has been written by the greatest essayist named Pearl S Buck who has won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938. The present essay has been extracted part of her book, ‘My Several Worlds’. In this essay, Buck writes about Indian people and the culture and civilization of our country.

She tells that India has been always the background of her life. She listens to a lot about India from her family doctor and his wife. She has also read everything for long that she could find about this country. She has learned much about Buddhism and Lord Buddha. When she visited India she comes to know a great deal of about our India. She shares her experiences of her visiting India. She tells that she is allured the beauties of Kashmir. When she visited India, she found two groups of People. They were young intellectuals in the cities and the peasants in villages. The youth were planning for freedom but the peasants were in very pitiable conditions.

Pearl S Buck compares India with China, Russia, England and America. She insists on that Indian people are best among them. Once, she gets a chance to have a lunch in a very poor family in the village. She loves very much the Indian food and the way of serving lunch. She loves intellectuals, praises the leaders of this country who were preparing hardly for freedom and she also praises the Indian farmers. At last she returns from India to her land and writes a book named ‘Come My Beloved’. But in her native land the readers could not understand the message of this book.

Indeed, we must appreciate the affection of Peal S Buck to India. By far, she was a great lady in the soil of her land.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of ‘The Earth’.

Ans:- H. E. Bates has occupied a special name and fame in the area of English literature. He has proved himself as a well-known journalist, novelist and above all, he has established himself as a great short-story writer. He has written a lot of short stories but among them the present story ‘The Earth’ is one of the best.

The present story begins with the characters Johnsons and his absent minded son Benjy. Johnsons is a very poor farmer who has a little piece of land. That land has also been borrowed from others for farming. Johnsons is very anxious for his son’s future. He thinks that his son is physically and mentally not fit for anything. Therefore, he goes to consult a doctor. The doctor advises him to provide Benjy any work or business. Johnsons and his wife manage money for their son. By the help of given money by his parents, Benjy purchases some hens and starts poultry farm. Gradually and slowly, his business starts growing up. His parents book an account in a bank for saving money. Here increases his greediness. He keeps his pass book himself. Sooner or later he purchases a piece of land that was connected to his father. Now, he is very rich and the owner of his land and he has no care of his parents. In the meanwhile, he falls in love with a girl who is not liked by his parents because she is very ugly but helpful to Benjy’s work. Her mother objects to marry her, but Benjy marries her for the helper of his growing work. Her wife starts living with Benjy’s mother where every day quarreling takes place between both of them. Benjy neglects everything and supports his wife not his mother. At the last, Benjy becomes so cruel and greedy for his property. He gets his parents out from his house.

Through this story, H. E. Bates tries his best to give us a lesson how greediness and wealth make us blind, that we have no care of that relation by which we have been constructed.

NOTES FOR THE ALL THE TEXT

I believe that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world. Nothing can equal the seeds sown by our ancestors. Rome went, Greece shared the same fate, the might of the Pharaohs was broken, Japan has become westernized; of China nothing can be said, but India is still, somehow or other, sound at the foundation. The people of Europe learn their lessons from the writings of the men of Greece or Rome which exist no longer in their former glory. In trying t learn from them, the Europeans imagine that they will avoid the mistake of Greece and Rome. Such is in their pitiable condition.

[eSa fo’okl djrk gwW fd og lH;rk ftls Hkkjr us fodflr fd;k gS mls fo’o esa rksM+h ugha tkus okyh gSSA gekjs iwoZtksa }kjk cks;h xbZ cht dg cjkcjh dqN ugha dj ldrk gSa A jkse pys x;s] ;wuku us mlh rjg ds HkkX; dh fgLlsnkjh dh gS] feJ ds ‘kkld dh ‘kfDr;kW VwV xbZ] tkiku dk if’pehdj.k gks x;k] phu ds ckjs esa dqN ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu Hkkjr vHkh Hkh] gj rjg ls ,d etcwr vk/kkj cuk gqvk gS A ;wjksi ds yksx ;wuku rFkk jkse ds O;fDr;ksa ds ys[k ls viuk Kku lh[krs gSa A tks muds iwjkus xoZ esa vf/kd le; rd vfLro esa ugha jgh gS A mu yksxksa ls lh[kus dh dksf’k’k esa ;wjksih yksx dYiuk djrs gSa fd ;wuku rFkk jkse ds xyfr;ksa dk R;kx dj nsaxs A ,slh n;uh; fLFkfr mudh gS A]

In the midst of all this, India remains immovable and that is her glory. It is a charge against India her people are so uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we have tested and found true to the anvil of experience, we dare not change. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. This is her beauty; it is the sheet anchor of our hope.

[bl lHkh ds chp] Hkkjr vVy cuk gqvk gS vkSj ;g mldh ‘kksHkk gS A ;g Hkkjr ds lkeus ,d Hkkj gS fd mlds yksx brus vlH;] vKkuh vkSj gBh gS fd mUgSa fdlh cnyko dks xzg.k djus ds fy, eukuk laHko ugha gS ;g okdbZ esa gekjs xq.k ds fo:/k ,d Hkkj gS A ftls geyksxksa us tkWp fd;k gS vkSj vius vuqHko ds fugkbZ ij lp ik;k gS] mls ge cnyus dk fgEer ugha dj ldrs gSa A dbZ yksxksa us viuh lykg Hkkjr ij Fkksiuk pkgk gS] vkSj ;g tl dk rl cuk gqvk gS A ;g mldh lqUnjrk gS rFkk ;g gekjs vk’kkvksa dh lqj{kk gS A]

Civilization is the mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty. Performance of duty and observance of morality are convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain mastery over our passions. So doing, we know ourselves. The Gujrati equivalent for civilization means “Good conduct.” [lH;rk pfj= dk og rjhdk tks euq”; dks deZ djus dk jkLrk crkrk gS A deZ djuk rFkk uSfrdrk dk vuqlj.k djuk ifjorZuh; ckr gS A uSfrdrk dk vuqlj.k djuk gekjs eu rFkk pkgrksa ij fot; ikus ds leku gS A ,slk djds ge vius vki dks tku ysrs gSaA lH;rk dk vFkZ xqtjkrh esa&^vPNk vkpj.k* gksrk gS A]

If this definition be correct, then India, as so many writers have shown, has nothing to learn from anybody else, and this is as it should be.

[vxj ;g ifjHkk”kk lgh gS] rks tSlk fd dbZ ys[kdksa us crk;k gS] fdlh ls dqN lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gS rFkk ;g oSlk gh gS tSlk fd bls gksuk pkfg, A]

Master Rules for long poems

As we know that a poem can be defined like this way that a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song, and that is usually rhythmical and metaphorical. It is the inner feeling of the poet that enhances the energy of the reader and touches the heart of us. Everyone is a poet himself but some of them can be successful to quote the inner feeling on the paper but some of us are failed to expose it. Everyone wants to live happily and for this, a man is always is a in search of different means to be jovial. Among all the recreations a poem is very important. A poem is also a great source of entertainment if it touches our heart. Some of the poems are of great moral thought whereas some of them are great source of emotional feelings, love and affection.

As far as the present poem…………….is concerned, it has been composed by the great poet…………..He is a versatile personality and he is not for his age only but for all the ages. His creation is full of energy and of great thought which attracts us and pleases our heart. The present poem is the master piece of the poet. Each stanza of him declares his inner actual-feeling and emotions. When we go through his poem, we feel that this is our own voice.

This way, we can say that this poem is a great source of moral lessons, emotions and natural feelings. Never, we feel fatigue of our mind. We become full of energy and vigorous attitudes. We should never forget his real lessons what he has tried his best to give us through his poem. Indeed, a poem is a hallmark of the poet’s heart which asserts his internal feelings which can be a great source of lessons and for other adoptable tasks.

Some important point for the poems prescribed in the syllabus

1. Sweetest Love I Do Not Goe

Sweetest love, I do not goe,

gs fiz;rek! eSa tkrk gWq]

For weariness of thee,

Uk rks rqEgkjs Fkdku ds dkj.k]

Nor in the hope the world can show

Uk gh bl vk’kk ls fd ;g nqfu;kW]

A fitter Love for mee;

fd vki ls csgrj I;kj ;k fiz;rek eq>s iznku djssxh

But since that I

cfYd ,slk gS fd

Must dye a last, ‘tis best,

fu'p; gh var esa ej tkmWxk vkSj esjs fy, lcls vPNk gksxk

Thus by fain’d deaths to dye.

vius vkidks fnYyxh esa yxkus dk

vkSj ejdj EkkSr dks xys yxkus dk A ¼dfo mls NksM+dj tkus dh bPNk blfy, ODr djrk gS fd dHkh&u&mldh e`R;q rks gksuh gh gSA og le>rk gS fd fcNqM+uk vo’;EHkkoh gS] blfy, og e`R;q dk cgkuk cukdj mlls vH;Lr gks tkuk pkgrk gS] D;ksafd viuh izsfedk dk fo;ksx mlds fy, e`R;q ls de ugha gS A½

Yesternight the Sunne went hence,

fiNyh jkr lw;Z vLr gks x;k]

And yet is here to day,

vkSj vc rd ;gkW vk x;k gS

He hath no desire nor sense,

mls uk rks bPNk gS vkSj u gha fnekx

Nor halfe so short a way:

vkSj u gha vYi vof/k esa dksbZ lkFkh]

Then feare not mee,

rks eq>ls ?k`.kk er djks]eq>ls u Mjks u rqe]

But believe that shall make

ij fo’okl djks

Speedier that I shall make

Speedier journeys, since I take

More wings and spurres then hee

fd eSa ,d lQy vkSj rhoz ;k=k d:Wxk

rc EkSa ia[k yxkdj mlls vf/kd m:Wxk vkSj lk/ku cuwWxk

¼ dfo viuh izsfedk dks lEcksf/kr djrs g, dgrk gS fd lw;Z vxyh lqcg dks fQj ykSV vkus fd fy, gj fnu ‘kke dks bl nqfu;kW ls fonk gksrk gS A vr,o] fQj YkkSV vkus ds fy, mldk u dksbZ mn~ns’; gksrk gS vkSj u dksbZ Hkkouk A vr%] dfo dgrk gS fd og Hkh lw;Z dh HkkWfr lw;Z ls rst ;k=k djsxk vkSj tYn okil vk;sxk A½

O how feeble is mans power,

vks] euq”; dh ‘kfDr fdruh detksj gksrh gS]

That if good fortune fall,

fd ;fn vPNs HkkX; u”V gks tk;]

Cannot adde another houre,

rks og nwljs iy th ugha ikrk gS

Nor a lost houre recall !

vkSj u gha og [kks;s gq, iy dh okilh gh dj ikrk gS

But come bad chance,

ijUrq tc [kjkc iy thou esa vkrk gS]

And wee joyne it our strength,

rks ge viuh ‘kfDr ls bldk lkeuk djrs gSa ]

And wee teach it art and length,

vkSj ge blls gekjs Hkhrj dyk vkSj foLr`r Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gS]

It selfe o’re at advance

Tkks gesa [kqn&o&[kqn gesa vkxs dh vksj vxzlj dj nsrss gSaA

¼ dfo ds vuqlkj ekuo dks tks lq[k izkIr gqvk gS] mlesa ,d {k.k dh Hkh o`f) dj ldus dh ‘kfDr mlesa ugha] viuh foifRr;ksa dks vof/k esa o`f) djus dk lkeF;Z mlesa gS vkSj og izk;% ,slk djrs jgrk gS A dfo dgrs gSa fd tc euq”; nqHkkZX; ls f?kj tkrk gS] rc og vius d`R;ksa ds }kjk vFkok d”Vksa ls O;fFkr gksdj ml nqHkkZX; dh o`f) dj ysrk gS A½

When thou sigh’st, thou sigh’st not winde,

tc rqe djkgrh gks] rks rqe viuh lkWlksa ij ugha djkgrh gks

But sigh’st my soul away,

cfYd rqe esjh vkRek dks >d>ksM+ dj j[k nsrh gks]

When thou weep’st unkindly kinde,

tc rqe jksrh gks ;k flldrh gks]

My life blood doth decay,

rc esjs fny ls vkSj ‘kjhj ls [kwu gh cgus yxrk gS]

It cannot bee

;g gks ugha ldrk

That thou lov’st mee, as thou say’st,

fd rqe eq>ls I;kj djrh gks vkSj rqe ,slk dgrh gks]

If in thine my life thou waste,

vxj rqe esjs ftUnxh dks cckZn dj nks]

Thou art the best of mee.

rks ;g dk;Z esjs fy, lcls vPNk gksxk

Let not thy divining heart

rqe eq>s vius LoPN fny ls]

Forethinke me any ill,

eq>s xqugxkj er le>ks

Destiny may take the part,

HkkX; rqEgkjk lkFk ns ldrk gS

And may thy fears fulfil;

vkSj rqe ,slk djus ls Mj ldrh gks]

But thinke that wee

Ysfdu lkpks fd geyksx ,d lkFk gSa]

Are but turn’d aside to sleepe;

vkSj lkpsa fd geyksx uhan dh eqnzk esa ,d nwljs ls iy Hkj ds fy, vyx gSa]

They who one another keepe

os tks ,d nwljs ls bruk izse djrs gksa]

Alive, ne’r parted bee.

os ,d nwljs ls dHkh vyx ugha gks ldrs A

Matching Word

Weariness = Tiredness, Fatigue – Fkdku@ FkdkoV

Jest = something done to amuse – etkd@ gWlh

Yesternight = Last night – fiNyh jkr@ xr jkr

Spurres(Spurs) = Spurs motive, Appendage – izsj.kk@tksM+@yxko

Feeble = Frail, Weak – detksj

Pioneer – Guide - kxZn’kZd ;k jkLrk crykus okyk

Patron– vkJ; nkrk

Theology – /keZ fo|k

Verbal – ekSf[kd

Lyrical – HkkoukRed@ xhre;

Satirical – O;axkRed@ migkliw.kZ

Verse – dfork

Staunchly – dV~Vj ;k oQknkj

Expeditious – lkgfld ;k=k

Intellectual – ckSf)d

Strained – rukoiw.Zk@ d~f=e

Whimsical – ludh@ papy

Genuine- lPpk

Harsh- uhjl

Wings- ia[k

Waste – ookZn djuk

Destiny – HkkX;

Fulfill- iwjk djuk

Q:- Write down the theme of the poem “ Sweetest Love I Do Not Goe”.

The poem ‘Sweetest love I do not goe’ is one of the finest poems written by John Donne who is considered as a great versatile poet in the area of English poetry and is also known as a metaphysical poet. Through this poem, he has tried his best to give us something about love and what we feel when we separate from our beloved. In his opinion a true love never dies. The poet says that love is a way of life which teaches us how to live. In true love sometimes, separation comes but it makes us stronger and stronger. He tells that he does not going depart from his beloved forever, he would return as quickly as he can.

Some important questions and answers:-

Q:- Why does the poet want to go away from his beloved?

Ans:-The poet knows that death is inevitable and ultimately it will part them. Therefore, he rehearses to live alone without his beloved.

Q:- What are the things that the sun doesn’t have?

Ans:- In poet’s opinion the sun does not have desire and sense.

Q:- What will make the speaker’s journey speedier?

Ans:- The deepest love for his beloved will be wings of him that will make the speaker’s journey more speedier.

Q:- What makes a man’s power feeble?

Ans:- When good fortune falls, it makes man’s power feeble and powerless.

Q:- How do sighing and weeping affect the speaker?

Ans:- The poet says that when his beloved sighs and starts weeping, the blood of poet’s body starts bleeding away.

Q:- How does the beloved waste the speaker’s life?

Ans:- The beloved wastes the speaker’s life by not taking the real value of his deepest love for herself.

Q:- In what way will the lovers remain united?

Ans:- By continuing to love each other and taking death as mere sleep they will remain united.

Q:- What is ‘Hyperbole’?

Ans:- ‘Hyperbole’ is a figure of speech that is a grossly exaggerated description or statement. In literature, such exaggeration is used for emphasis or vivid descriptions. In drama, hyperbole is quite common, especially in heroic drama. Hyperbole is a fundamental part of both burlesque writing and the “tall tales” from Western America. The conscious overstatements of these tales are forms of hyperbole. Hyperbole is even a part of our day-to-day speech: ‘You’ve grown like a bean sprout’ or ‘I’m older than the hills.’ Hyperbole is used to increase the effect of a description, whether it is metaphoric or comic. In poetry, hyperbole can emphasize or dramatize a person’s opinions or emotions. Skilled poets use hyperbole to describe intense emotions and mental states. The following statements are the examples of hyperbole:-

When thou sigh’st, thou sigh’st not winde,

But sigh’st my soul away,

When thou weep’st unkindly kinde,

My life blood doth decay,

Othello uses hyperbole to describe his anger at the possibility of Iago lying about his wife’s infidelity in Act III, Scene III of Shakespeare’s play Othello:

If thou dost slander her and torture me,
never pray more; abandon all remorse;
on horror’s head accumulate;
Do deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amazed;
for nothing canst thou to damnation add
Greater than that.

Q:- What do you mean by metaphysical?

Ans:- The term ‘Metaphysical’ is made of two words – ‘Meta’ and ‘Physical. ‘Meta’ stands for ‘Beyond’ or ‘Out of’ and ‘Physical’ stands for ‘Relating to object’. This way when we combine these two words, it asserts the meaning ‘The fact beyond any object’ means not relating to any object in universe.

Q:- What do you mean by metaphysical poetry?

Ans: - Metaphysical poetry means – poetry that goes beyond the physical world of the senses and explores the spiritual world. Metaphysical Poetry began early in the Jacobean age in the last stage of the age of William Shakespeare.

John Donne was the leader and founder of the metaphysical school of poetry. The word metaphysical school of poetry was used by Dryden for the first time.

Q:- Write down some names of poetry that belong to metaphysical school of poetry or they are known as metaphysical poets?

Ans: -

Metaphysical poets
Major poets
• John Donne (1572–1631)
• George Herbert (1593–1633)
• Andrew Marvell (1621–1678)
• Abraham Cowley (1618–1667)
• Saint Robert Southwell (c. 1561–1595)
• Richard Crashaw (c. 1613–1649)
• Thomas Traherne (1636 or 1637 – 1674)
• Henry Vaughan (1622–1695)

Q:- Write down the modern spelling of the following words.

Ans:- Goe – Go, Mee – Me, Sunne – Sun, Feare – Fear, Hee – He, Wee – We, Hee – He, Winde – Wind, Wearinesse – Tiredness, Soule – Soul, Adde – Add, Hath – Has, Beleeve – Believe, Thee – You, Halfe – Half, Houre – Hour, Dye – Die, Weep’st – Weeps, Joyne – Join

Andrew Marvell: Poems The Metaphysical School of English Poetry

John Donne is the first poet that scholars identify with the English Metaphysical School, even though this was not an official group during Donne's lifetime but rather, poets who adopted a style similar to Donne's. In his 1693 essay on satire, English poet and critic John Dryden argued that Donne’s poetry makes absurd and overly elaborate use of philosophical and metaphysical concepts to describe love. Dryden felt that Donne and other poets of his time were guilty of over- intellectualizing love, and claimed that they would be better served by using more emotionally grounded metaphors.

Later, in 1779, Dr. Samuel Johnson coined the phrase “metaphysical poets” to identify Donne and his contemporaries, including Andrew Marvell. Like Dryden, Johnson faulted these poets for their unruly versification, metaphoric distortions, and overly elaborate conceits. However, as time went on, contemporary critics like T.S. Eliot started to recognize and value the metaphysicals' work, praising its anti-Romantic and intellectual qualities. The metaphysical style generally contains irregular versification, images of extreme emotion and outlandish bodily comportment, the use of paradox, and elaborate metaphors that sometimes extend for the entirety of a single poem. The list of English poets identified as “metaphysicals” includes John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, and Andrew Marvell.

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John Donne: Poems Summary and Analysis of "Song: Sweetest love, I do not goe"

The poet tells his beloved that he is not leaving because he is tired of the relationship—instead, he must go as a duty. After all, the sun departs each night but returns every morning, and he has a much shorter distance to travel. The third stanza suggests that his duty to leave is unstoppable; man’s power is so feeble that good fortune cannot lengthen his life, while bad fortune will shorten it. Indeed, fighting bad fortune only shares one’s strength with it. As the beloved sighs and cries, the lover complains that if he is really within her, she is the one letting him go because he is part of her tears and breath. He asks her not to fear any evil that may befall him while he is gone, and besides, they keep each other alive in their hearts and therefore are never truly parted.

Analysis

“Sweetest love” is a lyric made up of five stanzas each with the same rhyme scheme (ababcddc). Each stanza develops an aspect of the problem of separation from one’s beloved.

In the first stanza the lover wards off any fear of a weakened love on his part. He does not leave “for weariness” of the beloved (line 2), nor does he go looking for a “fitter love” for himself (line 4). He instead compares his departure to death, saying that since he “Must die at last” (line 5), it is better for him to practice dying by “feign’d deaths” (line 8), those short times when he is separated from his love. Thus, he turns her fears about losing him into an assurance that she is the very source of his existence; when he is not with her, it is like being dead.

In the second stanza, Donne uses the sun as a metaphor for his fidelity and desire to return. He compares his leaving to the sun’s setting “Yesternight” (line 9). It left darkness behind, “yet is here today” (line 10). If the sun can return each day, despite its lengthy journey around the world, then the beloved can trust that the lover will return since his journey is shorter (line 12). Besides, he will make “speedier journeys” since he has more reason to go and return than does the sun (lines 15-16).

In the third stanza, the poet turns to contemplating larger problems beyond merely being separated from a loved one. He notes how “feeble is man’s power” (line 17) that one is unable to add more time to his life during periods of “good fortune” (line 18). Ironically, the poet notes, we instead add “our strength” (line 22) to misfortune and “teach it art and length” (line 23), thereby giving bad situations power over our lives. We are so powerless that even the power we have turns against us in bad fortune. Perhaps the suggestion here is that the lover has no choice but to go, not having enough strength to overcome fate.

This stanza also serves as a turning point in the song. The two prior stanzas are assurances that the lover will return quickly and faithfully. The final two stanzas focus on the harms his beloved may cause or fear.

“When thou sigh'st, thou sigh'st not wind,/But sigh'st my soul away” he says in the first line of the fourth stanza. The beloved’s expressions of despair cause harm to her lover, he argues, because he is so much a part of her that he is in her breath. He may also mean that her sighs demonstrate her lack of trust in him. The same argument applies to her tears; she depletes his “life’s blood” (line 16) when she cries. This is why she said to be “unkindly kind” with her tears (line 15); this oxymoron emphasizes the lover’s pain in seeing the extent of her need to be with him. He concludes the stanza complaining that “It cannot be/That thou lov’st me” (lines 21-22), since she appears willing to “waste” his best parts (perhaps the beloved herself as she pines for him).

In the final stanza, the lover warning his beloved against future ills she may bring upon him if she continues to fear a future without him. He urges her “divining heart” (line 25) to avoid predicting him harm; it is possible that “Destiny may take thy part” and fulfill her fears (lines 27-28) by leading to true dangers. He prefers that she instead see his absence as a moment in the night when the two of them are in bed together, merely “turn’d aside to sleep” (line 30). He leaves her with the encouragement that two people whose love is their very lifeblood can “ne’er parted be” (line 32); they are always together in spirit.

This poem bears similarities to Donne’s other work about departure from his loved one, “Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.” The tone of the song considered here is lighter, however, and the imagery not so controlled, poignant, or unexpected as that latter work. Nevertheless, it is worth attempting to read this poem, like so many others of Donne’s, as a spiritual allegory. Perhaps one again can see the lover as God and the beloved as the Church, in which case one might find a resonance with the promised second coming of Jesus in the Christian tradition; in this tradition he will soon return to the world even though he was crucified.

a metaphysical poet is a poet who has the abiliity to coax a new perspective into a reader's mind through the use of paradoxical imagery, art, philosophy and religion.

1. John Done was born in

(A) 1562

(B) 1667

(D) 1570

2. John died in

(A) 1672

(B) 1631

(D) 1602

3. John Donne was the pioneer of new kind of lyrical and satirical verse

(A) Metaphorical

(B) Free verse

(D) Metaphysical

4. The poet intends to go on a longer Journey than

(A) Earth

(B) Moon

(D) Athelete

5. Man’s power is

(A) Strong

(B) weak

(D) very Strong

6. Whom the poet loves so intensely that he wants to come back soon

(A) His son

(B) His daughter

(D) Earth

7. Who is the poet of ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe’

(A) Joan of Arc

(B) John Donne

(D) T.S. Eliot

8. Doune present himself in ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe’ in

(A) the first-person singular number

(B) the first-person plural number

(D) None of these

9. ‘Sweetest Love, ‘I Do Not Goe’ is

(A) a didactic poem

(B) an allegorical poem

(D) None of these

10. Donne is well-known for his

(A) songs and sonnets

(B) satires

(D) All of these

11. In the poem, ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe’ dye’ stands for

(A)) to die

(B) to paint

(D) None of these

12. ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe‘ may be compared with Shakespeare’s

(A) ‘All the World’s Stage

(B) The Marriage of True Minds

(D) None of these

13. Who has composed the poem, ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe’?

(A) John Donne

(B) Andrew Marvell

(D) None of these

14. John Donne was the pioneer of

(A) Elizabethan poetry

(B) Metaphysical poetry

(D) None

15. The poet in Sweetest Love I Do Not Goe is his beloved

(A) tired of

(B) angry with

(D) happy for

16. John Donne is going to ……….. leaving his wife behind

(A) France

(B) Germany

(D) England

17. John Donne thinks that is certain

(A) death

(B) work

(D) None of these

18. John Donne wants to go away because he is not tired of his

(A) mother

(B) father

(D) sister

19. ‘Sweetest Love, I Do Not Goe’ is

(A) a sonnet

(B) an ode

(D) a ballad

20. John Donne has written the poem

(A) Song of Myself

(B) An Epitaph

(D)Soilder

Whalt Whitman

Whalter Whitman is known as one of the greatest poets, essayists, humanists as well as a great personality in literary figure. He was born on 31^st May, 1819. He was died on 26^th March, 1892. He was an individualistic personality. Almost his creations are based on himelf. He started his work as a carpenter, printer and editor but his popularity as poet is praise-worthy. His famous creations are - Leaves of Grass (1855) and Drumps Taps (1866). His current poem named ‘Song of Myself’ is very famous.

Hints: -

To celebrate – To rejoice, to have a good time -

To assume – To accept that something is true, To suppose

To loaf – To wander without reason-

To lean - To take support, to have rest –

Spear – Mast, Spike

Creeds – Religious beliefs –

Schools – System of thought, social beliefs –

In abeyance – Suspended, whithheld –

Sufficed – To be enough-

To harour – To believe, to keep feelings/thought in mind-

Hazard – Peril, Danger

Individualistic –

Volunteer –

Rhythm-

Rhyme –

Uncensoured –

Enthusiastically –

Innovative – Convertible –

Ease –

Retiring – Who loves a sparate/peaceful life –

Descard –

Greed -

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the ‘Song of Myself’.

Song of Myself

The poem ‘Song of Myself’ is one of the finest poems composed by the great American poet named, Walt Whitman. He is also known as individual literary figure. Actually, the present poem is directly related to the poet himself but its meaning is universal which teaches the readers moral lessons. He says that the truth is always the same for all. This poem is written when he was 37 years old. He says that he is also a responsible citizen of his land like other citizens. He has the true love for his land, and he wants to work for his motherland up to his breath last. He is quite healthy and always thinks positive for the life. He has not any negative thought. He is always in jovial mood. Therefore, he always sings himself in praise of positive living. He is also a true lover of nature because he has a great attachment to it.

This way, the thought of the poet is very remarkable and praiseworthy. His teaching to avoid from the negativity is indeed a great inspiration for all of us. By far, Walt Whitman was a true poet in the form of positive thought.

Song of Myself,” the longest poem inLeaves of Grass, is a joyous celebration of the human self in its most expanded, spontaneous, self-sufficient, and all-embracing state as it observes and interacts with everything in creation and ranges freely over time and space. The bard of the poem, speaking in the oracular tones of the prophet, affirms the divinity and sacredness of the entire universe, including the human body, and he asserts that no part of the universe is separate from himself—he flows into all things and is all things.

The “I” of the poem is quite clearly, then, not the everyday self, the small, personal ego that is unique and different from all other selves. Rather, the persona who speaks out in such bold terms is the human self-experiencing its own transcendental nature, silently witnessing all the turbulent activity of the world while itself remaining detached: “Apart from the pulling and hauling stands what I am, . . . Both in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it.” This “I” is immortal and persists through numberless human generations and through all the changing cycles of creation and destruction in the universe. It cannot be measured or circumscribed; it is blissful, serenely content with itself, and needs nothing beyond or outside itself for its own fulfilment.

In “Song of Myself,” this large self continually floods into and interpenetrates the small, personal self, including the physical body, and becomes one with it. It is this union of the absolute self with the relative self that allows the persona of the poem to express such spontaneous delight in the simple experience of being alive in the flesh. “I loafe and invite my soul, / I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass,” announces the persona in the very first section of the poem. This is a state of being that does not have to perform any actions to experience fulfilment; it simply enjoys being what it is: “I exist as I am, that is enough,/ If no other in the world be aware I sit content,/ And if each and all be aware I sit content.”

It is in this context that the persona’s celebration of the pleasures of the body should be understood. Lines such as “Walt Whitman, a kosmos, of Manhattan the son,/ Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking and breeding,” do not signify mere sensual indulgence. The human body is a microcosm of its divine source, in which there is always perfection, fullness, and bliss. There is no dualism of soul and body, because, as William Blake put it in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790), a prophetic work which bears a strong resemblance to “Song of Myself,” “that call’d Body is a portion of Soul discern’d by the five senses.”

Hence the Whitman persona can declare that “I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul”; he will not downgrade one in order to promote the other. The senses are “miracles,” no part of the body is to be rejected or scorned, and sexual desire should not be something that cannot be spoken of: “I do not press my fingers across my mouth,/ I keep as delicate around the bowels as around the head and heart,/ Copulation is no more rank to me than death is.”

This perception of the divine essence in the physical form extends to everything in the created world, however humble its station:

I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey- work of the stars, And the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of the wren, And the tree-toad is a chef-d’uvre for the highest, nd the running blackberry would adorn the parlours of heaven.

Heightened perception such as this also extends to other human beings, all of whom are viewed as equally divine by the persona. It is this conviction of the shared divinity of the self that enables the persona repeatedly to identify and empathize with other human beings, as in section 33: “I do not ask the wounded person how he feels, I myself become the wounded person.”

Leaves of Grass Summary and Analysis of "Song of Myself"

Summary

Whitman begins this poem by naming its subject – himself. He says that he celebrates himself and that all parts of him are also parts of the reader. He is thirty-seven years old and “in perfect health” and begins his journey “Hoping to cease not till death.” He puts all “Creeds and schools in abeyance” hoping to set out on his own, though he admits he will not forget these things. Whitman then describes a house in which “the shelves are / crowded with perfumes” and he breathes in the fragrance though he refuses to let himself become intoxicated with it. Instead, he seeks to “go to the bank by the wood” and become naked and undisguised where he can hear all of nature around him.

Whitman says that he has heard “what the talkers were talking, the talk of the / beginning and the end,” but he refuses to talk of either. Instead, he rejects talk of the past or future for an experience in the now. This is the “urge” of the world which calls to him. Whitman sees all the things around him – “The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old / and new,” but he knows that “they are not the Me myself.” He remembers in his own past that he once “sweated through fog” with fashionable arguments. He no longer holds these pretensions, however.

Whitman then describes an encounter between his body and soul. He invites his soul to “loafe with me on the grass” and to lull him with its “valved voice.” He tells his soul to settle upon him, “your head athwart my hips and gently turn’d / over upon me…..” He invites his soul to undress him and reach inside him until the soul feels his feet. This will bring him perfect peace “that pass all the argument of the earth….” This peace is the promise of God and is what allows all people to become his brothers and sisters.

Whitman recalls a scene in which a child came to him with a handful of grass and asked him what it was. Whitman has no answer for the child. The grass is “the flag of my disposition” and it is the “handkerchief of the Lord….” It is also the child or a symbol for all of humanity. Whitman sees the grass sprouting from the chests of young men, the heads of old women, and the beards of old men. He remembers all those that have died and recalls that each sprout of grass is a memorial to those that have come before. Whitman reflects that “…to die is different from what any one supposed, and / luckier.”

Whitman then writes a parable. Twenty-eight young men bathe on a sea shore while a young woman, “richly drest” hides behind the blinds of her house on the water’s bank. She observes the men and finds that she loves the homeliest of them. She then goes down to the beach to bathe with them, though the men do not see her. “An unseen hand” also passes over the bodies of the young men but the young men do not think of who holds onto them or “whom they souse with spray.”

Whitman describes groups of people that he stops to observe. The first is a “butcher-boy” sharpening his knife and dancing. He sees the blacksmiths taking on their “grimy” work with precision. Whitman then observes a “negro” as he works a team of horses at a construction site. Whitman admires his chiseled body and “his polish’d and perfect limbs.” He sees and loves this “picturesque giant….” He admits in the next poem that he is “enamour’d…Of men that live among cattle or taste of the ocean or woods, / Of the builders and steerers of ships and the wielders of axes / and mauls… / I can eat and sleep with them week in and week out.” In a lengthy section, Whitman describes the work of all people of the land – the carpenter, the duck-shooter, the deacons of the church, the farmers, the machinist, and many more. They often have hard, ordinary lives, yet Whitman proclaims that these people “tend inward to me, and I tend outward to them” and they all “weave the song of myself.”

Whitman describes himself as “old and young” and “foolish as much as…wise….” He is “Maternal as well as paternal, a child as well as a man….” He is of all the land of North America from the South even into Canada. He notes that these are not his own original thoughts, however. These thoughts have been a part of the human condition for all of time. These thoughts are “the grass that grows wherever the land is…the common air that bathes the globe.” His thoughts are for all people, even those that society has considered outcasts.

Whitman wonders why he should adhere to the old ways – prayer or ceremony. He claims that he has “pried through the strata, analyzed to a hair” and found that nothing is as true and sweet as “my own bones.” Whitman understands himself. He is “august” and vindicated by his own nature. “I exist as I am, that is, enough.” He does not have to explain his inconsistencies. Those are only to be accepted. “Do I contradict myself? / Very well then I contradict myself, / (I am large, I contain multitudes.)” All pleasure and all pain are found within his own self. Whitman describes himself in the basest terms: “Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking and breeding,” he does not feign interest in manners. He hears the “primeval” voices of democracy and mankind and gives himself over to these forbidden lusts. Above all, Whitman says, “I believe in the flesh and the appetites….”

Analysis

The first thing to note is that Whitman calls his poems “songs.” This insinuates that Whitman feels there is an audible quality to his work; that the true meanings of his poems will not be understood if they are not heard by a listener. Thus, Whitman feels as though he will not be understood as an individual if he is not heard by the world. “Song of Myself,” as the linchpin of this first half of Leaves of Grass, is his attempt to make himself heard.

Whitman’s subject is himself, but it is clear that Whitman means more than just his physical self. Whitman calls himself a universe of meanings. He uses the symbol of his naked self in nature to symbolize his own fusion with the world around him. Whitman’s self is the whole of America and the whole of nature. This is best seen in Whitman’s use of the catalog. A catalog is a literary device used in epic poetry as a rhetorical naming or inventory. Whitman uses a catalog in “Song of Myself” to name a variety of professions and people that he meets on his journey across the States. He says that he becomes part of these people and these people come to compose his own self.

In this section, Whitman first engages the idea of individuality and collectivity. The catalog is Whitman’s example of the collective. This refers back to his opening inscription in which Whitman proclaimed that his work is of the self, both the individual self and the democratic self. The collection of all people in the land forms a self that is distinct from the individual self, yet is similar in that it has its own soul and being.

Whitman uses the metaphor of grass in the sixth section of “Songs of Myself” to try and explain the democratic self. His explanation, he admits, is incomplete. Whitman describes a child coming to him and asking him what is the grass. He has no real answer, meaning that he cannot fully describe the democratic self to those that do not inherently understand it. Whitman can only tell the child that he sees the democratic self in young men and old women, meaning that he sees it in all people. Whitman then takes the metaphor one step farther, telling the child that even the grass that has died and has gone back to the earth is a part of the whole. “Song of Myself” balances the themes of individuality and collectivity as two important ingredients for the democratic experiment of America. This is Whitman’s political argument.

Whitman breaks up “Song of Myself” with a kind of parable. A parable is a short, succinct story that offers a moral or instructive lesson for its hearers. Whitman’s lesson is an erotic one and it is instructive to see how Whitman’s passion for democracy is equated with a sexual and erotic passion. A woman sees twenty-eight men bathing and lusts to be with them. When she joins them, they are together through the power of an “unseen hand.” Whitman uses shocking erotic images of the men and spraying water, a reference to male ejaculation, to arouse the reader. Whitman is telling his readers that they must not only observe the democratic life but they must become one with it. This joining is both mysterious and erotic for those that take part.

Whitman closes “Song of Myself” by trying to name this large, democratic collectivity, yet he finds it impossible. He makes a point to let the reader know that he contradicts himself and that this democratic self is full of inconsistencies. Whitman understands very well that the democracy of America is imperfect, filled with injustice, self-serving, and undermined by the tyranny of the individual. He pares this democratic self down to its essentials: it is primal, the flesh and the appetites. Whitman continues Leaves of Grass with this carnal vision in the next sections.

Walt Whitman was born into an American working-class farming family in 1819. When Whitman was four, his father moved the family to Brooklyn, New York. During Whitman’s childhood, New York City was still developing into a major urban center, and much of his work alludes to the expansion of this metropolis. Young Whitman often traveled between Brooklyn and Manhattan by ferry, which inspired him to frequently address themes of crossing and gathering in his poetry.

Whitman attended public school in Brooklyn. On weekends and during holidays, he often visited his grandparents on their farm on Long Island—a pastoral setting that provided a stark contrast to the bustling urban...

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Now the leaves are falling fast

W H Auden

W. H. Auden

Poet

Wystan Hugh Auden was an Anglo-American poet, best known for love poems such as "Funeral Blues," poems on political and social themes such as "September 1, 1939" and "The Shield of Achilles.”

Born: February 21, 1907, New York, United Kingdom

Died: September 29, 1973, Vienna, Austria Books: The Age of Anxiety, Influenced by: T. S. Eliot, Christopher Isherwood, Thomas Hardy

Hints: -

Leaves, Falling fast, Pram, Wishpering neighbours, Pluck, Lonely, Separate knees, Dead, Wooden, Track, Stiffy, Reprove, Attitude, Starve, Troll, Nightingle, Dumb, Cold, List, Bless, Traveller, Last distress, Intellectual, Vigorous, Deepen, Exhibit, Overtly, Explore, Archaic, Lyric, Aspiration, Frustration, Inherent, Grave, Deceptive

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem ‘ Now the leaves are falling fast’.

Now the leaves are falling fast

The present poem “Now the leaves are falling fast” has been composed by the greatest poet named W. H. Auden who is known as a modern poet. In this poem the poet has beautifully described about the pitiable condition of human. Because a man of today, is not pure by his heart. He is very selfish by nature. He is mentally disturbed day by day. He is always in quest of his profit. Accordance with the views of the poet, a man is going to closer to his death. Now, he has no long life. The condition of human being is similar to the condition of falling leaves. Through, this poem the poet has tried his best to give us a moral lesson to the men. The poet has also tried his best to take the value of time. Indeed, time and tide waits for none. We must not forget this universal truth and must utilize our time for good work.

An Epitaph

Words Hints: -

Epitaph – Inscription on a tomb in memory of the dead [Lekjd] dcz ;k lekf/k ds Åij ys[k]

Light of steps and heart – Had the habit of moving here and there and had no commitment – [fcankl gksdj b/kj&m/kj ?kweuk]

Vanish – To disappear

Rare – Not common

Crumble – Fall down in pieces, to die

Sensitive – Emotional

Depict – To deal with

Melancholy – Full of sadness

Commitment - Promise

Q: - Write down the critical appreciation of the Poem ‘An Epitaph’.

Ans: - Walter De La Mare is one of the greatest novelists, short-story writers above all he is one of the greatest poets of 20^th century. He wrote several poems based on fairyland and poems for children. But, the present poem is completely different. He has beautifully described about an epitaph of dead lady. This poem is very simple and easy but contains the complicated meaning. The poet points out to a grave of a dead lady and says that she might have been one of most beautiful and the richest ladies of Western England. She had been in the habit of moving here and there. But, here beauty has been disappeared after her death.

The poet has tried his best to insist on the point that after death everything is disappeared. If something is existed in the world, this is our qualities not the beauty of our physical construction.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation about the poem “Fire-Hymn”.

Fire - Hymn

The present poem “Fire-Hymn” is one of the finest poems composed by the greatest Indo-Anglian Poet named Keki N. Daruwala. The poet has beautifully described about a very realistic scene of funeral rites performed after death at a funeral ground where dead body is consigned to flame. The scene of that place is very horrible. While passing through the river along with his father, the poet saw the cruel redness of the flames. The sky looks like a red ball. The sky is full of smoke that comes from fire. After a while everything turns into ashes. The fire is capable to turn everything into ashes but sometimes it also fails to do it. The scene teaches the poet a lot about the realistic fact of life. At the last stanza of this poem the poet remembers his past incident when one of his issues had been burnt down after its sudden death. The poet could not reach at the tower of silence therefore, he had to go against the law of his religion. But, when he realizes his mistakes, he swore that he would never go against his religion and he would never let the fire to do such mistake.

This way, the thought of this poem is heart-touching and his deeds are really appreciable.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation the poem ‘Snake’.

Ans:- The poem ‘Snake’ has been composed by a great poet D. H. Lawrence who has beautifully presented a scene of snake. He tells an incident about a snake in this poem. One mid-day, the poet is very thirsty, so he comes out to drink water. But to his great surprise, he notices that a snake comes before him to drink water on the water tank. The snake looks beautiful, silent and peaceful. It drinks water very calmly. Soon a sense of humour prevails in the poet’s mind. He decides to kill that snake, so he picks up a stick and hits the snake. By it, the snake feels pain but anyhow it goes into the hole. The snake is perhaps wounded. The poet feels guilty. He wants to show his sympathy to that snake who is a king for his sight now.

This way, the present poem is very beautiful which attracts the mind of readers and something creates horror who are afraid of the snakes.

Q: - Write down the critical appreciation of the poem ‘The Soldier’.-

The Soldier

The poem “The Soldier” is one of the finest poems which has been composed by Rupert Brook. It is a war sonnet poem. He is the promising poet of the first decade of our century. The poet is very much inspired by the First World War. This poem is remarkable for its intense patriotic feeling. Here, the poet talks about the patriotic feelings of a soldier.

The poet says that an English soldier, who is fighting in a foreign land, is pining for home. He may die in a foreign land and his dead body will be buried there. The soldier says to his countrymen that they should not grieve for him. Though his body is buried in a foreign land, it will always remain of England. That place of land will also become a part of England. He says that his body is made and shaped by the dust of England. England has given him her flowers to love, her ways to move on, her air to breath, her rivers to enjoy and the rays of the sun. It means he is made of England and he will always remain of England. Wherever he goes, his soul will reflect the dream and laughter, the thoughts, the gentleness and peace that he has got from England.

In fact, this poem is a great patriotic poem that engraves an image of patriotic feelings on the heart of readers.

Q:- Who is the poet of the poem ‘ The Soldier’?

Ans:- Rupert Brooke is the poet of this poem.

Q:- When was Rupert Brooke born?

Ans:- He was born in1887.

Q:- When was he died?

Ans:- He was died in 1915 during the First World War.

Q:- What kind of this poem is?

Ans:- This is a kind of ‘Sonnet’.

Q:- What do you mean by the word ‘Sonnet’?

Ans:- A ‘Sonnet’ is a kind of poem that contains only fourteen lines and these lines are linked by an intricate rhyme scheme.

Q:- What is the nature of this poem?

Ans:- This is a patriotic poem and it indicates the love of poet for his own country.

My Grandmother’s House

‘My Grandmother’s House’ is a beautiful poem composed by Kamala Das who is a great Indian poetess. In this poem the poetess has described her grandmother’s house in which she used to spend her childhood. The house was very beautiful and comfortable to her.

But, after her grandmother’s death, she leaves that house and goes to live in another’s house. After few years, when she goes to see that house, she is given a warm welcome. But, she becomes very sad to see the bad condition of that house. Many changes have been taken place. The house looks silent and dark. Snakes and other insects move in that lonely house. The doors of that house are also in miserable condition. They produce sound like barking dog, when they are opened and closed. In spite of these changes, strong feelings are caught in her mind. The memory of the past days’ flash on mental screen. She begins to remember the love and care of her grandmother.

To sum up, we can say this poem is very fine and remarkable poem of Kamla Das.

Ode to Autumn

Q:- What do you mean by the term ‘Ode’?

Ans:- The term ‘Ode’ refers the kind of poem that is written with the views of addressing the nature or anything. The ‘Ode’ poem is free verse and these types of poems are not based on systematic rhythm. The present poem ‘Ode to Autumn’ is a best example of ode poem.

Words Hints from the poem: -

Mist –

Mellow –

Fruitfulness –

Close bosom-friend-

Conspire-

Vines-

Thatch-

Eaves-

Moss-

To the core-

Swell-

Gourd-

Plump-

Hazel shells –

Kernel-

Bud-

Cease-

O’er-brimmed-

Clammy cell-

Amid –

Store-

Seek-

Abroad-

Careless-

Granary-

Soft-lifted-

Winnowing wind-

Half-reaped-

Furrow-

Drowsed-

Fume-

Poppy-

Hook-

Spare-

Swath-

Twined-

Gleaner-

Steady-

Brook-

Cider-press-

With patient look-

Ooze-

Barred clouds-

Bloom-

Stubble-plains-

Hue-

Wailful-

Choir-

Gnat-

Mourn-

Sallow-

Bourn-

Sink-

Bleat-

Hilly bourn-

Hedge-cricket-

Treble soft-

Red-breast-

Whistle-

Croft-

Swallow-

Twitter-

Ode To Autumn

1.
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;
To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,
And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.

2.
Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,
Drows'd with the fume of poppies, while thy hook
Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:
And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep
Steady thy laden head across a brook;
Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,
Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.

3.
Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,—
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river sallows, borne aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

Form: ababcdecdde

'This poem seems to have been just composed when Keats wrote to Reynolds from Winchester his letter, dated, 22nd of September 1819.
Keats says, "How beautiful the season is now. How fine the air -- a temperate sharpness about it. Really, without joking, chaste weather -- Dian skies. I never liked stubble-fields so much as now -- aye, better than chilly green of the Spring. Somehow, a stubble plain looks warm, in the same way that some pictures look warm. This struck me so much in my Sunday's walk that I composed upon it."
~ Poetical Works of John Keats, ed. H. Buxton Forman, Crowell publ. 1895.

(stanza 3): The term "Hedge-crickets" for "grasshoppers" in line 9 resumes very happily the whole sentiment of Keats's competition sonnet [Sonnet XV.] "On the Grasshopper and Cricket." © by owner. provided at no charge for educational purposes

Summary and Analysis "To Autumn"

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Summary

Autumn joins with the maturing sun to load the vines with grapes, to ripen apples and other fruit, "swell the gourd," fill up the hazel shells, and set budding more and more flowers. Autumn may be seen sitting on a threshing floor, sound asleep in a grain field filled with poppies, carrying a load of grain across a brook, or watching the juice oozing from a cider press. The sounds of autumn are the wailing of gnats, the bleating of lambs, the singing of hedge crickets, the whistling of robins, and the twittering of swallows.

Analysis

"To Autumn" is one of the last poems written by Keats. His method of developing the poem is to heap up imagery typical of autumn. His autumn is early autumn, when all the products of nature have reached a state of perfect maturity. Autumn is personified and is perceived in a state of activity. In the first stanza, autumn is a friendly conspirator working with the sun to bring fruits to a state of perfect fullness and ripeness. In the second stanza, autumn is a thresher sitting on a granary floor, a reaper asleep in a grain field, a gleaner crossing a brook, and, lastly, a cider maker. In the final stanza, autumn is seen as a musician, and the music which autumn produces is as pleasant as the music of spring — the sounds of gnats, lambs, crickets, robins and swallows.

In the first stanza, Keats concentrates on the sights of autumn, ripening grapes and apples, swelling gourds and hazel nuts, and blooming flowers. In the second stanza, the emphasis is on the characteristic activities of autumn, threshing, reaping, gleaning, and cider making. In the concluding stanza, the poet puts the emphasis on the sounds of autumn, produced by insects, animals, and birds. To his ears, this music is just as sweet as the music of spring.

The ending of the poem is artistically made to correspond with the ending of a day: "And gathering swallows twitter in the skies." In the evening, swallows gather in flocks preparatory to returning to their nests for the night.

"To Autumn" is sometimes called an ode, but Keats does not call it one. However, its structure and rhyme scheme are similar to those of his odes of the spring of 1819, and, like those odes, it is remarkable for its richness of imagery. It is a feast of sights and sounds.

KEATS’S ODES

John Keats

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To Autumn

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page 1 of 2

Summary

Keats’s speaker opens his first stanza by addressing Autumn, describing its abundance and its intimacy with the sun, with whom Autumn ripens fruits and causes the late flowers to bloom. In the second stanza, the speaker describes the figure of Autumn as a female goddess, often seen sitting on the granary floor, her hair “soft-lifted” by the wind, and often seen sleeping in the fields or watching a cider-press squeezing the juice from apples. In the third stanza, the speaker tells Autumn not to wonder where the songs of spring have gone, but instead to listen to her own music. At twilight, the “small gnats” hum among the "the river sallows," or willow trees, lifted and dropped by the wind, and “full-grown lambs” bleat from the hills, crickets sing, robins whistle from the garden, and swallows, gathering for their coming migration, sing from the skies.

Form

Like the “Ode on Melancholy,” “To Autumn” is written in a three-stanza structure with a variable rhyme scheme. Each stanza is eleven lines long (as opposed to ten in “Melancholy”, and each is metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter. In terms of both thematic organization and rhyme scheme, each stanza is divided roughly into two parts. In each stanza, the first part is made up of the first four lines of the stanza, and the second part is made up of the last seven lines. The first part of each stanza follows an ABAB rhyme scheme, the first line rhyming with the third, and the second line rhyming with the fourth. The second part of each stanza is longer and varies in rhyme scheme: The first stanza is arranged CDEDCCE, and the second and third stanzas are arranged CDECDDE. (Thematically, the first part of each stanza serves to define the subject of the stanza, and the second part offers room for musing, development, and speculation on that subject; however, this thematic division is only very general.)

Themes

In both its form and descriptive surface, “To Autumn” is one of the simplest of Keats’s odes. There is nothing confusing or complex in Keats’s paean to the season of autumn, with its fruitfulness, its flowers, and the song of its swallows gathering for migration. The extraordinary achievement of this poem lies in its ability to suggest, explore, and develop a rich abundance of themes without ever ruffling its calm, gentle, and lovely description of autumn. Where “Ode on Melancholy” presents itself as a strenuous heroic quest, “To Autumn” is concerned with the much quieter activity of daily observation and appreciation. In this quietude, the gathered themes of the preceding odes find their fullest and most beautiful expression.

“To Autumn” takes up where the other odes leave off. Like the others, it shows Keats’s speaker paying homage to a particular goddess—in this case, the deified season of Autumn. The selection of this season implicitly takes up the other odes’ themes of temporality, mortality, and change: Autumn in Keats’s ode is a time of warmth and plenty, but it is perched on the brink of winter’s desolation, as the bees enjoy “later flowers,” the harvest is gathered from the fields, the lambs of spring are now “full grown,” and, in the final line of the poem, the swallows gather for their winter migration. The understated sense of inevitable loss in that final line makes it one of the most moving moments in all of poetry; it can be read as a simple, uncomplaining summation of the entire human condition.

Despite the coming chill of winter, the late warmth of autumn provides Keats’s speaker with ample beauty to celebrate: the cottage and its surroundings in the first stanza, the agrarian haunts of the goddess in the second, and the locales of natural creatures in the third. Keats’s speaker is able to experience these beauties in a sincere and meaningful way because of the lessons he has learned in the previous odes: He is no longer indolent, no longer committed to the isolated imagination (as in “Psyche”), no longer attempting to escape the pain of the world through ecstatic rapture (as in “Nightingale”), no longer frustrated by the attempt to eternalize mortal beauty or subject eternal beauty to time (as in “Urn”), and no longer able to frame the connection of pleasure and the sorrow of loss only as an imaginary heroic quest (as in “Melancholy”).

KEATS’S ODES

John Keats

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Context

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In his short life, John Keats wrote some of the most beautiful and enduring poems in the English language. Among his greatest achievements is his sequence of six lyric odes, written between March and September 1819—astonishingly, when Keats was only twenty-four years old. Keats’s poetic achievement is made all the more miraculous by the age at which it ended: He died barely a year after finishing the ode “To Autumn,” in February 1821.

Keats was born in 1795 to a lower-middle-class family in London. When he was still young, he lost both his parents. His mother succumbed to tuberculosis, the disease that eventually killed Keats himself. When he was fifteen, Keats entered into a medical apprenticeship, and eventually he went to medical school. But by the time he turned twenty, he abandoned his medical training to devote himself wholly to poetry. He published his first book of poems in 1817; they drew savage critical attacks from an influential magazine, and his second book attracted comparatively little notice when it appeared the next year. Keats’s brother Tom died of tuberculosis in December 1818, and Keats moved in with a friend in Hampstead.

In Hampstead, he fell in love with a young girl named Fanny Brawne. During this time, Keats began to experience the extraordinary creative inspiration that enabled him to write, at a frantic rate, all his best poems in the time before he died. His health and his finances declined sharply, and he set off for Italy in the summer of 1820, hoping the warmer climate might restore his health. He never returned home. His death brought to an untimely end one of the most extraordinary poetic careers of the nineteenth century—indeed, one of the most extraordinary poetic careers of all time. Keats never achieved widespread recognition for his work in his own life (his bitter request for his tombstone: “Here lies one whose name was writ on water”), but he was sustained by a deep inner confidence in his own ability. Shortly before his death, he remarked that he believed he would be among “the English poets” when he had died.

Keats was one of the most important figures of early nineteenth-century Romanticism, a movement that espoused the sanctity of emotion and imagination, and privileged the beauty of the natural world. Many of the ideas and themes evident in Keats’s great odes are quintessentially Romantic concerns: the beauty of nature, the relation between imagination and creativity, the response of the passions to beauty and suffering, and the transience of human life in time. The sumptuous sensory language in which the odes are written, their idealistic concern for beauty and truth, and their expressive agony in the face of death are all Romantic preoccupations—though at the same time, they are all uniquely Keats’s.

Taken together, the odes do not exactly tell a story—there is no unifying “plot” and no recurring characters—and there is little evidence that Keats intended them to stand together as a single work of art. Nevertheless, the extraordinary number of suggestive interrelations between them is impossible to ignore. The odes explore and develop the same themes, partake of many of the same approaches and images, and, ordered in a certain way, exhibit an unmistakable psychological development. This is not to say that the poems do not stand on their own—they do, magnificently; one of the greatest felicities of the sequence is that it can be entered at any point, viewed wholly or partially from any perspective, and still prove moving and rewarding to read. There has been a great deal of critical debate over how to treat the voices that speak the poems—are they meant to be read as though a single person speaks them all, or did Keats invent a different persona for each ode?

There is no right answer to the question, but it is possible that the question itself is wrong: The consciousness at work in each of the odes is unmistakably Keats’s own. Of course, the poems are not explicitly autobiographical (it is unlikely that all the events reallyhappened to Keats), but given their sincerity and their shared frame of thematic reference, there is no reason to think that they do not come from the same part of Keats’s mind—that is to say, that they are not all told by the same part of Keats’s reflected self. In that sense, there is no harm in treating the odes a sequence of utterances told in the same voice. The psychological progress from “Ode on Indolence” to “To Autumn” is intimately personal, and a great deal of that intimacy is lost if one begins to imagine that the odes are spoken by a sequence of fictional characters. When you think of “the speaker” of these poems, think of Keats as he would have imagined himself while writing them. As you trace the speaker’s trajectory from the numb drowsiness of “Indolence” to the quiet wisdom of “Autumn,” try to hear the voice develop and change under the guidance of Keats’s extraordinary language.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem “Ode to Autumn”.

Ans: - ‘Ode to Autumn’ is a very fine poem written by the greatest poet named John Keats who is known as a romantic poet, and he is a versatile poet among the lovers of nature.

In this poem, the poet has beautifully described about the beauty of autumn. The poet says that trees are full of new leaves, flowers, and fruits in this season. It is neither too hot nor too cold. The poet explains that this is a season of fruits and mists. In this season the autumn included with its friend sun, conspires to load the creepers with fruits and flowers. In this season gradually, the grains start being juicy and fat. The guard lied on the roof of hut starts getting its own position. The poet further explains that in this season different types of musical-insects starts singing and the environment becomes very musical. The scene of land is also beautiful. Thus, the poet calls this season as the season of music and melodious. Indeed, the poet’s feeling towards nature is praise worthy.

Macavity: The Mystery Cat

T. S. Eliot is one of the greatest names in the pages of English literature. He is a well-known poet, dramatist and one of the greatest critics of 20^th century.

The poem, ‘Macavity : The Mystery Cat’ has been extracted from Eliot’s collection of poems called ‘ Old Passum’s Book of Practical Cat’. In this poem, the poet has beautifully described about the heroic deed of a cat named Macavity. The cat has thousands of tricks to commit crime. It commits crime and flees away very quietly. It leaves no clues behind its crime and disappearance. That’s why, even the soldiers of Scotland Yard are also unable to trace and arrest it. The poet says that the cat is very tall and thin. Its head is like a dome. Its eyes are sunken. Its whiskers are uncombed. Its body is always dusty. When it commits crime it creeps like a snake. The poet says that it looks as it is sleeping but it is always awaking. It is a devil in the guise of a cat. Its crime area is very broad. It steals food from the kitchen, drinks milk stealthily and breaks window glass. However, it is impossible to be arrested red-handed. The poet says that it is a mysterious criminal and it is the leader of the gang of the criminal cats. It is said the Napolean of crime.
Thus, this poem is very magical and musical about the above mentioned mysterious cat. In this, the poet has beautifully described about even a little animal.

Master Rules for long prose

In a student’s life, literature plays a vital role to build up his literary development. As we know that Literature is the artistic expression of profound thoughts, which is replete with (ifjiw.kZ) spontaneous (LokHkkfod]lgt) and intense (rhoz)passions (euksHkko), imaginative (dkYifud) ideas and reflective viewpoints of the literary men. Several scholars have defined it in various ways in various words. To quote Emerson: “Literature is a record of the best thoughts.”Literature is the embodiment (ewrZ:i nsuk) of written thoughts and feelings of intellectual men and women, expressed in such fantastic (LoIunz”Vk] foy{k.k] vuks[kk) pleasurable style for the readers.

The present essay/story/prose “……………………….” is the master piece of the greatest essayist/writer......................who is by far a versatile personality in the area of English Literature. His contribution to the literature is indeed remarkable and is proved a milestone for the coming generations.

Thus, as a conclusion we can say that the thought of writer is a great source of lessons and his thought must be adoptable by all types of readers. As several objects are found in this master piece, these are the objects of that intellectual perfection which a literary education is destined to give. The earnest student of literature is like a sailor who sails into new seas of thought. He tries to understand the human heart, its shifting virtues and vices, its sorrows and joys. The value of poets, dramatists, humorists, satirists, novelists lies only in the revelation that they make of the human heart. It is in this sense that literature is called one of the humanities, a training of moral sensibilities and imagination.

Master Rules for Essays

Essays are great source of learning for students and as well as the teachers or who reads them. The ‘Essay’ can be defined like this – “An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view”. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the other authors. The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, "to try" or "to attempt". In English essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an alternative meaning.

So far as the present essay……………this is concerned, it is of great importance for us. Through this essay we can have the true glimpse of our life. As we know that an essay opens up a way to learn some lessons and it is capable to provide the realistic figure of our real life…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This way, we find all the elements that a good essay contains. Through this essay, we can give the sound and actual message to all. I would like to quote here that essays are true hallmark of the real essayist. We must read the moral essays to develop our universal teachings or lessons.

Master Rules for Explanations

The following given texts/illustration has been extracted from our text book named -Rainbow. This book contains so many finest moral stories, inspiring essays, articles and dominant speeches. All these contexts are indeed very beneficial not only for students but also all types of the readers.

The present illustration has been taken from the beautiful chapter named........... . It has been written............In this illustration the writer has beautifully described about the essence of reality that is indeed remarkable and praise-worthy

David copperfield

Charles John Huffam Dickens was born at Portsea on February 7, 1812, the second child of John Dickens and his wife Elizabeth. Within a few years Dickens became most popular writer of the country. He is by far a great novelist who has provided the realistic impression not only the readers of his time but also it will be engraved on generation to generation. Dickens’s novels contain a great deal of autobiography. He was the first to introduce to the reading public life of the poor and the oppressed. He has composed so many novels but the present novel ‘David Copperfield’ is the best of them.

David Copperfield is the central figure, the hero of the novel. The novel is named after him and all the major events of the novel revolve around him. David Copperfield is a posthumous child born six months after his father’s death. His mother and his nurse Pegotty brings him up affectionately. But, his suffering starts when his mother marries Mr Murdstone. Mr Murdstone always ill-treats him and tortures him. He often beats him. Once, David hardly opposes his step father. He sends him in boarding school. The headmaster of that school was tyrant and terrified. He also starts him tortures. His miseries deepen when his mother also dies. He is taken out of the school and sent to earn his livelihood at the age of ten years. But, he decides to go to his aunt Betsey. His miseries come to end when his aunt adopts him. Now, he starts his life under the guardianship of Betsey and Dick.

David is a man of charming personality and good nature. Every person helps him for his helping attitude. Agnes, Mr. Wickfield and Dora also love him. He also falls in love with Dora and becomes successful in marrying her. But,this happy married life does not last long. About a year and half after the marriage Dora falls ill and dies. He feels very lonely and miserable. So, Agnes advises him to go on a tour.

When he returns from his tour, he realizes love for Agnes. He proposed to her and Agnes also readily accepts her proposal. They get married and enjoy conjugal life.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem ‘The Daffodils’.

The Daffodils

As we know that William Wordsworth is basically known as one of the greatest romantic poets but above all, he is also known as the greatest lover of nature. He has written so many poems but the present poem ‘The Daffodils’ is the best example of his nature-poem. Through this poem he has beautifully tried his best to give us all the elements of his happiest moment.

In this poem, we see that the poet wanders lonely like a cloud. In the meanwhile, his eyes penetrated towards the crowd of golden daffodils. The daffodils were dancing and fluttering their head in the breeze beside the lake under the trees. The wave of lake was also dancing but the daffodils surpasses the wave of it. The poet was captivated by their beauties. He looks the daffodils like numerous stars twinkling in the milky-way. The daffodils were stretched in continuous endless line. He returns to his house and reminds that beauty when he is in pensive mood. The flashing of golden daffodils fills his heart with joy.

This way, we get the conclusion that through this poem the poet has tried his best to show his love towards the nature.

Hints: -

Basically, A nature poet, A romantic poet, A lover of nature, The best of example of nature poem, To wander, To flash, Elements of happiest moment, To wander like a cloud, In the meanwhile, To penetrate, Towards, A crowd of golden daffodills, To surpass, Numerous, Captivated/Enamoured, Steched in never ending line, To try his best, Love towards the nature.

Some important short questions:-

Q:- Who wrote the poem ‘Daffodils’?

Ans:- William Wordsworth wrote the poem ‘Daffodils’.

Q:- What did the poet see beside the lake?

Ans:- The poet saw a crowd of golden daffodils beside the lake which were dancing and fluttering their head in the breeze.

Q:- What have the golden daffodils been compared to in the second stanza of the poem?

Ans:- The daffodils have been compared to the twinkling stars in the milky-way.

Q:- ‘I gazed and gazed-but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought.’ ‘What wealth’ is the poet talking about here?

Ans:- The scene of beautiful daffodils fluttering and dancing in the breeze like the stars that shine and twinkle in the milky way had been fully recorded memory of poet’s mind. When the poet was in pensive mood, the flashes of that beautiful scene made the poet in jovial mood. This beautiful scene was the real wealth for the poet.

Q:- What is the bliss of solitude?

Ans:- The flashes the scene of golden daffodils was the bliss of solitude for the poet.

Echo

Who called?” I said, and the words
Through the whispering glades,
Hither, thither, baffled the birds—
“Who called? Who called?”

The leafy boughs on high
Hissed in the sun;
The dark air carried my cry
Faintingly on:

Eyes in the green, in the shade,
In the motionless brake,
Voices that said what I said,
For mockery's sake:

“Who cares?” I bawled through my tears;
The wind fell low:
In the silence, “Who cares? who cares?”
Wailed to and fro.

Walter De La Mare

Walter de la Mare
Walter de la Mare in 1924 (photo by Lady Ottoline Morrell)
Born	Walter John de la Mare 25 April 1873 Charlton, Kent, England
Died	22 June 1956 (aged 83) Twickenham, Surrey, England
Occupation	Writer
Genre	Poetry, supernatural fiction,children's literature
Notable awards	James Tait Black Memorial Prize 1921 Carnegie Medal 1947

Walter De La Mare who is popularly known as the poet of children, was one the greatest poetry writer, novelist and short story-writer. He was born on 25^th April 1873 in England and he was died on 22^nd June, 1956 at the age of 83.

Hints: -

Echo – The repeation of the same sound is known as ‘Echo’. (izfr/ofu)/ The reflection of the same sound is called ‘Echo’ when it returns.

Whishpering sound – An empty space

Echo

Q:- Who is the poet of the poem ‘Echo’?

Ans:- Walter De La Mare is the poet of the poem ‘Echo’.

Q:- What is the type of this poem?

Ans:- This is a scientific poem. This poem deals with the reflection of sound that is repeated in a vacant area. But, this poem also shows the illusion of sound that generates the fear for the unknown person.

Q:- What baffled the birds?

Ans:- The repetition sound of - Who Called! Who Called! Baffle the birds, when the poet says/ pronounces this calling words.

Q:- What do you mean by ‘Eyes in the green’?

Ans:- The poet has illusion that someone behind the trees who repeats his sound what he exclaims in the deserted forest.

Q:- Why do tears appear in the poet’s eyes?

Ans:- These beads of tears are the beads of fear and here the poet feels helpless in the forest.

Q:- What is the significance of ‘eyes’ in the third stanza in the poem?

Ans:- In the third stanza of the poem ‘Echo’ the poet mentions about the ‘Eyes’. The eyes are used to show the illusion of the man who fears from the echoing sound because when the sound is repeated in a deserted place where there is no one, it creates a fear at the heart of anyone. Therefore, in this stanza ‘Eyes in the green’ has been used for showing the fear and illusion.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation the poem ‘Echo’?

Ans:- As it is known to all ‘Walter De La Mare’ is widely known as the poet of children because he has written so many poems for the children. His poems are very famous and some of his poems have been written for children only. In his poems we find dreams, imaginations and some extra-ordinary elements which are not found in other poems.

His present poem ‘Echo’ is the finest poem of his collection. This poem deals with a very simple experience, that is, how our sound is being echoed in surrounded vacant area especially in the forest.

This poem starts with echoing sound of the poet which is nothing but illusion of the poet. The poet surprises at the echoing sound of himself. The poet is passing through a forest where he feels someone is calling him. He says – ‘Who called’. This sentence is repeated in the same way in that isolated place. The poet feels someone is hidden behind the trees and they repeat his voice. He is in a dilemma and starts thinking about the hidden mysterious people who have no existence but he thinks someone is present who is repeating his sound – ‘Who Called’.

Thus, as a conclusion, to think that there are unknown voices or persons who reply to our voice is not correct because an echo is a simple, natural situation which can be explained scientifically. But, by imagining that there are such voices or persons whom we do not see, but who always see us, the poet brings a sense of unreality like a dream. This sense, seems a mysterious elements declared by the poet.

Biography – Rudyard Kipling

Rudyard Kipling - Biographical

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was born in Bombay, but educated in England at the United Services College, Westward Ho, Bideford. In 1882 he returned to India, where he worked for Anglo-Indian newspapers. His literary career began with Departmental Ditties (1886), but subsequently he became chiefly known as a writer of short stories. A prolific writer, he achieved fame quickly. Kipling was the poet of the British Empire and its yeoman, the common soldier, whom he glorified in many of his works, in particular Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) and Soldiers Three (1888), collections of short stories with roughly and affectionately drawn soldier portraits. His Barrack Room Ballads (1892) were written for, as much as about, the common soldier. In 1894 appeared his Jungle Book, which became a children's classic all over the world. Kim (1901), the story of Kimball O'Hara and his adventures in the Himalayas, is perhaps his most felicitous work. Other works include The Second Jungle Book (1895), The Seven Seas (1896), Captains Courageous (1897), The Day's Work (1898), Stalky and Co. (1899), Just So Stories (1902), Trafficks and Discoveries (1904), Puck of Pook's Hill (1906), Actions and Reactions (1909), Debits and Credits(1926), Thy Servant a Dog (1930), and Limits and Renewals (1932). During the First World War Kipling wrote some propaganda books. His collected poems appeared in 1933.

Kipling was the recipient of many honorary degrees and other awards. In 1926 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Literature, which only Scott, Meredith, and Hardy had been awarded before him.

From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

Rudyard Kipling

Journalist

Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kipling's works of fiction include The Jungle Book, Kim, and many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King".Wikipedia

Born: 30 December 1865, Mumbai

Died: 18 January 1936, Middlesex Hospital, London

Short stories: Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, The Man Who Would Be King, MORE

Nationality: English, British

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem ‘If’? or What are the theme of the poem‘IF’ written by Rudyard Kipling.

Ans:- Rudyard Kipling is one of the finest poets who has not only won the ‘Nobel Prize’ but also he has won the place to be the greatest literary figure among the area of Indian English literature. He has written so many poems in his life but among them the poem ‘IF’ is the best of him. The present poem is only a little extract of his collection.

Through this poem the poet has tried his best to give us inspirited lessons as a father gives to his son. The poet teaches us the ways of the world and the art of living. The poet says that everything is in the world if we follow the instructions of the poet we can be a successful man. The poet says if we act any work, we must wait patiently for the result. The poet advises us if somebody hates us, in return we must not hate him/her. The feeling of hate can be removed by love only. We should love everyone. The poet further advises us that if someone doubts in us, we lose our faith. We must not lose our faith from the people. The poet also says if somebody tells a lie, we must not tell a lie in return, we must stick to the truth. He further says that we must have the dream but we must not be the slave of it. The poet also advises us we must take the value of time otherwise time will destroy us. We must be same in triumph and disaster.

This way we say that we must follow the whole advice given by the poet and be careful in our lives.

Q:- What does repeated use of the word ‘If’ signify?

Ans: - In the poem ‘If’ has been repeated so many times which signifies the point of doubts and also signify the point possibility.

Q:- Who has been addressed in this poem ‘If’?

Ans:- In this poem the poet instructed addressing his own son.

Q:- What is the key to success in life accordance with view of the poem ‘If’?

Ans:- In this poem the poet has instructed so many things for our life. As from the poet’s point view character, strict principle, patience and courage are the key to success in our life.

Q:- Why are ‘triumph’ and ‘disaster’ called imposter?

Ans:- Triumph and disaster are the two important aspect of our life. In the mode of triumph, we enjoy our life but when we face of disaster, we start paining. But, the poet has instructed us that if we are strong we must enjoy both of the periods equally, only then we can be success in our life. Therefore, they are called imposter.

Q:- How far is the poem ‘If’ a didactic poem?

Ans:- No doubt, this poem is full of instructions which can’t be ignored. All the instructions given in this poem seem to be experienced by the poet himself. These instructions are very valuable for all the human life. Therefore, it is fully a didactic poem, no doubt.

With the Photographer

Q:- What did the author think about his own face?

Ans:-The author thinks that his face is quite wrong with view of photographer.

Q:- Why did the photographer take so much time?

Ans:-The photographer took too much time because he thinks that the pose of author was not right.

Q:- Why was the author angry with the photographer?

Ans:- The author was angry with the photographer because he gave the awkward comments about the face of him.

Q:- Why did the author ask ‘Is it me?’ when he saw the photograph.

Ans:- The author surprises to see his picture when he looks at his photograph because the photographer changes some of his organs to look handsome.

Q:-Why was the purpose of the photograph wasted?

ANs:- The purpose of the photograph was wasted because the photo what the author received from the studio, was not accepted by him. The author thinks that he is satisfied as he looks.

Q:- What is the writer’s idea of a photograph?

Ans:- The writer thinks that artificial changing is not suitable for the photograph. It must be actual as it is. Because, sometimes artificial changing may be much clumsy and useless as he receives his photograph from the studio.

Q: - What part of the writer’s face remained unchanged in his photo?

Ans: - It was his ears which were not changed in his photo. But, the photographer told that he could have also changed because he had another technique to change it.

Q:- Who said, “I think the face would be better three a quarters full”?

Ans:- The photographer comment on the face of writer because he thought that his face was a bit smaller in size.

Good Manners

Q:- What happened to the healthy young man?

Ans:- The healthy young man got an attack of influenza which developed into pneumonia making him dangerously ill. He became very weak and was unable to do any hard work.

Q:- What did the young man notice in trains and buses afterwards?

Ans:- Afterwards, that young man noticed in the trains and buses that the strong men were sitting comfortably while the older tired men were standing.

Q:- What did he always do afterwards?

Ans:- When the young man recovered, he often offered his seat to older men whom he found standing in a bus or a train.

Q:- What should you be careful of when speaking to someone?

Ans:- We must be careful of speaking clearly and sufficiently loudly for the person to hear, when we talk to someone.

Q:- What does the writer of this extract say about the truth?

Ans:- The author says about the truth that speaking truth there must be someone to hear it. Truth may also be depended on the sense of hearer. We must not insist on that only our truth is the complete truth.

Q:- What should be the rule about conversation?

Ans:- There must be the rule for the conversation. Take only a fair share of the conversation. Speak yourself and also let the other speak. If other does not speak, it means he does not want you to speak either.

Q:- What should you be careful when talking about other people?

Ans:- We should be careful when talking about other people because whatever we speak about him ultimately reaches. Remarks usually travel to the person targeted with our name attached.

Q:- What did the picture of the bull-fight prove?

Ans:- The picture of the bull fight proved that people talk a lot of wrong things about a picture even after having seen it. Given for what they are absolutely sure, they make mistakes.

Q:- What factors produce good manners?

Ans:- There are lots of things which produce good manners which are as follows:- Sympathy with others, Respect to the elders, Love to youngers, understanding of our own limitations etc.

Q:- What is meaning of : ‘I shall not pass this way again’?

Ans:- ‘I shall not pass this way again’. These words point to a truth that one gets only one life to live and there is no time to waste. One cannot have time to walk the same path again.

Q:- What is the importance of good manners in life?

Ans:- Good manners have great importance in our life. Good manners evoke a good response in others. If they are listened to, they too give ears to us. If we have good manners, we are respected and loved.

On Letter Writing

Q:- What did Bill find so difficult?

Ans:- Bill fell in a dilemma when he wrote the letter to all his members of family. It was so difficult to write a letter to his relatives.

Q:- Why was Bill no longer fighting at the front-line?

Ans:- Bill was on sick-leave, so he was no longer fighting at the front-line.

Q:-Why some people have difficulty in writing letters?

Ans:- Some people have difficulty in writing letters because they do not express the real figure of his atmosphere in which they live and they are also unable to express the true things in concrete words.

Q:-Why was letter-writing done carefully in the past?

Ans:- In the past, letter-writing was done very carefully and in an balanced way. That time, letter sending was much expensive in comparison of this time. And, that time the people was leisure time to do such work.

Q:-What has finally helped to destroy the art of great letter writing?

Ans:- The telegraph, the telephone, typewriter, computer and mobile communication finally helped to destroy the art of great letter writing.

Q:-What kind of things could Bill have talked about in his letters?

Ans:- Bill could have talked about simple things and experiences of his life like - the injury on his heel, scarcity of cigarettes, long and tedious march and the loss of his friends etc.

Q:-What features of Keat’s character is mentioned?

Ans:- As Keats had a deep affection for his family. Therefore, family affection is mentioned as the main feature of Keat’s character.

Q:-What is difference between good essay and a good letter?

Ans:- A good essay generally written orderly and in an elaborate style while a good letter is written in simple, colloquial(informal, conversational) and intimate style bearing a personal touch of the writer.

Vocabulary

Set – 1

Energetic – mtkZoku] piy A

Ill-health – [kjkc LokLF; A

Explode – foLQksV djuk A

Transmit – vkxs Hkstuk A

Praise – iz’kalk djuk A

Rely on – Hkjkslk djuk A

Invade – vkdze.k djuk A

Develop – fodkl djuk A

Healthy – LoLFk A

Lifetime – thou dky esa] thou Hkj A

Savagery – taxyhiu] ikf’odrk A

Break into – rksM+dj ?kqluk] tcjnLrh ?kqlukA

Fill in the blanks from the above appropriate words:-

1. He is very……, he runs a mile.

2. He used to be very…..but now has……..

3. In his……..he has seen many ups and down.

4. Countries often …..their neighbours.

5. A thief always ……the house to steal something.

6. We should not…….strangers.

7. We must………the good attitudes during discussions.

8. Last night a theif…….my house.

9. Electric current was…..along a wire and the bomb………

10. This is our…….to beat the innocent people.

Siegfried Sassoon

Siegfried Sassoon who was once known as the greatest soldier but who has also occupied a special name and fame in the area of English poet and writer. He was born on 8^th September 1886 in United Kingdom and he was died on 1^st September, 1967. The specialty of the poet was that he was participated in World War – I. After the World War he wrote several poems. The present poem ‘Everyone Sang’ depicts the event of World War – I and the victory was in the hands of poet’s team. In this war the soldiers of German were defeated. The War was ended in November 1918. This poem depicts the victory of the war and it shows how the poet and other soldiers started celebrating their happiness.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem ‘Everyone Sang’.

Ans: - The present poem ‘Everyone Sang’ is one of the finest poems written by the great modern poet of 20^th century named Siegfried Sasson. In this poem he has beautifully explained about the merriment of solders on a victory.

In this poem the poet has compared the joyous feeling of prisoned birds when they are got free from their cages. In this, the poet also explains about his excitement of that victory because he is also a part of that group of soldiers. The poet is also fighting in the war. All of a sudden, the announcement of victory echoes in the battlefield and all the soldiers start celebrating their victory as a celebration by showing their excitement noises.

Thus this beautiful poem explains a great thought of patriotism. By far this song is a tribute for the great victory of a poet.

Short Questions and Answer: -

Q:- How do prisoned birds behave when set free?

Ans:- When the prisoned birds set free surely they would fly wildly with delight and go on and on out of sight.

Q:- Why did everyone burst out singing?

Ans:- They all the soldiers including with the poet burst into singing and they felt free from some prison like a bird out of cage.

Q:-“My heart was shaken with tears”. What does this line mean?

Ans:- Here, the poet has shown the deep ecstasy because when he got the notice of victory he cried out with joy.

Q:- What happened to the heart of the poet?

Ans:- When the poet heard the announcement of victory his heart had been started shaking with tears. And, they felt that there had been no fear left there. The poet included with his companions cried out with joy.

Q:- How did Everyone’s Song differ from that of words?

Ans:- Accordance with the view of the poet this song was wordless unlike the song of birds because it had also the ring of eternity.

Q:- Explain the meaning of ‘The singing will never be done.’

Ans:- The poet has beautifully described the feeling of joy and freedom of the people at the end of the war and he has compared it with the feeling of the caged birds, suddenly set free to fly over orchards and meadows without fear.

W. B Yeats

The full name of W. B. Yeats is William Butler Yeats. He was born at Sandymouth near Dublin on June 13^th of 1885. He was the eldest son of John Butler Yeats. And He was died on 28^th January 1939. W. B. Yeats was an Irish poet of the foremost figures of 20^th century literature. He was also a pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments. As W B Yeats was born in Sandymouth, Ireland and educated there and in London. He studied poetry in his youth and from the early age was fascinated by both Irish legends and British literature.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the peom ‘The Lake Isle of Innis free’.

Ans:- In the area of English Literature the name of W. B. Yeats is one of the greatest names. He has written so many poems but the present poem ‘The Lake Isle of Innis free” is his finest creation.

In the present poem the poet has described about that he has been vexed with this modern world. So, he wants to go for living to the near of ‘The Lake Isle of Insfree’ where once he has visited. He explains that there is no peace in this modern life. He feels tension, disappointment, and frustrations, slavery and suffering. Therefore, he wants to go the heaven of peace. The poet also says that he wants to go there forever. He says that near that lake he will get happiness and peace. He wants to live making a small cottage there.

Thus, this poem explains a quite different idea of himself how he has been escaped himself from this modern world.

Short questions and answers: -

Q:- Who is the poet of the poem ‘The lake Isle of Innisfree’ ?

Ans:- W. B. Yeats is the poet of this poem.

Q:- What does the poet plan to do in Innisfree?

Ans:- Since, the poet is fed up with his current place. Therefore, he wants to go to Innisfree permanently. There he wants to build a small cottage surrounded by rows of beans where there will be the sound of lake, hive for the honey and he will listen the sweet music sung by the cricket.

Q:- What is meant by ‘bee-loud glade’?

Ans: - Since, the surround of the Innisfree will be quite opened there he can hear the clear noise of bees.

Q:- What are midnights and noons like in Innisfree, according to the poem?

Ans: - The poet says that the midnights will be shining and glittering, and the noons will be purple glow.

Q:- Why does the poet want to go back to Innisfree?

Ans:- When the poet previously had gone to Innisfree, he brought so many memories from there and he was fully satisfied with that place. Now, the poet feels that the city life is quite charmless and artificial therefore, he wants to get the natural peace to place. Therefore, the poet wants to go back to Innisfree.

Q:- What do you know about the Innisfree and to whom this is related to?

Ans:- Innisfree is a beautiful island and this is related the great poet ‘W. B. Yeats’.

Edward Thomas

The full name of Edward Thomas is Philip Edward Thomas. He was a great poet, a great essayist, a great novelist but he is popularly known as war poet. He was born on 3^rd March 1878 and he was died on 9^th April 1917. The poet was highly influenced the wars, therefore, he composed so many poems on war related. That’s why, he is known as war poet.

Q:- Write down the critical appreciation of the poem “Adlestrop”.

Ans:- The present poem ‘Adelstrop’ has been composed by the greatest poet of early 20^th century named ‘Edward Thomas’ who is counted among the sensitive poet of nature.
So far as the theme of this poem is concerned it has two sides – First is concerning to the railway journey and secondly the beauty of nature which has been depicted beautifully by the poet. The word ‘Adelstrop’ refers to a little station. Through this station the poet is having a journey by a train. For a little while his train stops at that station. The poet peeps through the window and overwhelmed with the beauty surrounding of that station. The poet depicts about the beautiful nature of there. The flashing of ‘Adlestrop’ has left a beautiful remembrance over the mind of poet.

Thus this is one of the finest poems written by ‘Edward Thomas’ who has proved himself that he is a true lover of nature.

Q:-Who is the poet of the poem ‘Adelstrop’?

Ans:- Edward Thomas is the poet of the poem ‘Adelstrop’.

Q:- What do you mean by the word ‘Adelstrop’?

Ans:- The word ‘Adelstrop’ refers a railway station.

Q:- How did it look outside the platform?

Ans:- The poet has described about the beauty of the poem ‘Adelstrop’ that it was very peaceful and calm place. The surrounding scene of this place showed willows, willow-herbs, dry haycocks, high cloudlets in the sky and the place was very calm and silent.

Q:- Why does the poet remember Adelstrop?

Ans:- When the poet was travelling through a train, for a little while the trained stopped for minutes on a deserted platform named ‘Adelstrop’ where no one came down and no one got down. The station was very silent and vacant but outside of the station there were willow, willow-herbs, and cloudlets sky which were looking very beautiful and attractive. Above all, in that silent place a blackbird started singing loudly and the other birds began to imitate her voice which made the environment too beautiful. Therefore, the beauty of that place and the song of that blackbird enamoured the poet.

Q:- Why was the heat in the atmosphere?

Ans:- When the poet was travelling through a train, it was the month of late June.

Q:-What was the time when the poet reached Adelstrop?

Ans:- When the poet reached at the Adelstrop, it was the afternoon.

Q:- What was the two towns mentioned in this poem?

Ans:- The two towns are – Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire mentioned in this poem.

Forgetting

Q:- Why do some people not remember to take medicines?

Ans:- Often we forget those things which we dislike. Likewise, some people don’t like to take medicines. Therefore, they forget to do so.

Q:- What according to the author, is the commonest form of forgetfulness?

Ans:- It is posting the letter.

Q:-Why does the author not carry an umbrella?

Ans:- The author has the fear of losing his umbrella, that’s why, he does not want to carry umbrella with himself.

Q:- Does the author think that poets need good memories?

Ans:- In author’s opinion poets have no good memories.

Q:- Are most people absent-minded?

Ans: - No, most of the people are not absent-minded.

Q:- When does absent mindedness become a virtue?

Ans:-Author says that sometimes absent mindedness becomes virtue. Because, an absent minded person sometime discovers a new thing which is very difficult for common men.

Q:- What are the things that the writer often lose because of forgetting?

Ans:- The things are as follows:- Umbrella, Pen, Posting the letters, walking sticks.

Q:-Describe the most interesting episode in the essay ‘Forgetting’.

Ans:- The most interesting episode of this essay is, when the woman who loses her baby in the pram somewhere. She expects that when her husband will come she tell about the stolen of her band with quivering lips and showing the full regretness.

Important Words

Absent-minded – vfLFkj cqf)okyk

Statistical – vkWdM+ks ij vk/kkfjr

Efficiency – l{kerk

Provincial – izkarh;

Vile – cgqr [kjkc

Methodical – dke dks ;kstukc) rjhds ls iwjk djuk

Prescribed – fu/kkZfjr fd;k

Psychologist – euksoSKkfud

Fortunes – cs’kqekj /ku

Reluctant – vfuPNqd

Exploits – lkgfld dkjukesa

Prosaic– lk/kkj.k

Utopia – dkYifud ns’k

Fallible– tks xyrh dj ldrk gS

Eccentric – fofp= vkneh

Anticipating– iwokZuqeku

Quivering – dEiu

Psychologist – euksoSKkfudP

Robin

Q:- Give a character sketch of Robin.

Ans:- So far as Jim Corbett is concerned he has beautifully described his sensitive love to particular a dog Named ‘Robin’. The dog ‘Robin’ is very wonderful pet dog of the story –writer. He loves his dog very much and his Robin is also very faithful to him. Generally, we know a dog is very cautious and loyal to his master but so far as the character of ‘Robin’ is concerned he is much loyal like his bosom friend. Robin quickly learns everything taught by the writer and becomes very intelligent and believable partner of the writer. Robin helps bravely to the writer hunting to the leopard. For the writer Robin is a great name that he never wants to forget it.

Q:- What is the merit of shooting on foot?

Ans:- It has lot of merits of shooting on foot because shooting on foot is the best and safest method. On this mode a hunter can easily fire on any angle to kill the animals.

Q:- What happened after Robin chased the Langur down the hill side?

Ans:- Once the writer is on hunting with his faithful dog ‘Robin’. All of a sudden both of them see a herd of langurs. Robin started chasing the langurs but in the way was attacked by Leopard.

Q:- Who was Robin? How was he named so?

Ans:- When Robin was too small. He was named ‘Pincha’, since he came to the feet of the writer without his calling and was kissing the writer’s legs. Therefore, the writer changes his name ‘Pincha’ into ‘Robin’.

Q:- What lessons did Robin learn from his experience?

Ans:- As he was once attacked by a Leopard chasing after the langurs. From that time, he learnt that the noises of langurs are the alarm the presence of any dangerous animal.

Q:- What is believed about the death of leopard?

Ans:- It is believed that a Leopard must not be considered death until it had not been skinned.

Our own civilization

Words: -

Complicated –

Tempered –

Cranes –

Energetic –

Disputes –

Burglars –

Anesthetics –

Vigorous –

Oases –

Solomon-

Invaded –

Opposed –

Haystack –

Survived –

Universe –

Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad was an English philosopher and broadcasting personality. He appeared on The Brains Trust, a BBC Radio wartime discussion programme. Wikipedia

Born: August 12, 1891, Durham, England, United Kingdom

Died: April 9, 1953, Hampstead, United Kingdom

Philosophical era: 20th-century philosophy

Education: Balliol College

Influenced by: George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, G. D. H. Cole

Q:- What do you know about C E M Joad?

Ans:- C E M Joad (Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad) was born in August 12, 1891 and died on 9^th April 1953. He was a well-known British philosopher and the writer of various books.

Q:- Show how a person relies on machinery in his daily life. Give four examples.

Ans: - Now-a-days, most of the people in our country are fully depended upon machineries. Here, there are some examples: -

a. These days, everyman is fully depended upon telephonic means to transmit their message instead of postcards or envelops.

b. Instead of natural air, a man uses electric fans or equipment for air.

c. Even a common man uses tractors which are the examples of machinery for cultivations.

d. Even a man uses machinery for water purification. All these the examples of machineries.

Q:- Do men invent machines because they are lazy?

Ans: - No, they don’t. They are energetic, thoughtful and sensitive creature among all. They invent machines because they want to see the different and new things in their life.

Q:- Why are order and safety necessary for civilization?

Ans: - Without order and safety we cannot imagine a sound civilization. They both are like air we breathe.

Q:- When we go shopping, how do we know that the world is becoming a single place?

Ans: - When we go on shopping we feel that the whole world is becoming a single place because there we get the various items from various places.

Q:- How should a man spend his time and energy?

Ans: - The Writer C E M Joad has beautifully added a point about a man that he should spend his time and energy to discover a new thing and removing their quarreling between nations he should establish peace and co-operating.

Q:- How according to CEM Joad is modern civilization different from old one?

Ans: - CEM Joad says that old civilization was quite different form modern civilization. There were also machines in olden days but they were fully used in a limited area and by limited people only. But, in the modern days the people of today are widely being depended upon the machines and technology. It seems that man is totally becoming the slave of it.

Q:- What is the greatest danger from political division?

Ans:- The threat of war is the greatest danger from political division.

Q:- Are machines always easy to control?

Ans: - No, not at all. Machines cannot be controlled easily always. For controlling them we require a proper attention. And, they can be operated through a proper technique. We must not be depended upon them otherwise they will be our masters and we shall be their slave.on

Story of English

How English began?

1. Complete the following statements given below: -

a. English language is ……..than Persian.

b. English we speak today has come from…….Tribes

c. The Anglo-Saxons were……..people.

d. Through………English belongs to the ancient……..family of languages.

Ans: - a. Younger b.Germanic c. Germanic d. Germanic, Indo-European.

2. Answer these questions very briefly: -

a. What did the natives of England call Saxons?

Ans: - They call them Germanic Invaders.

b. What did the Saxons call the natives of England?

Ans: - They call them the ‘Weals’ or ‘Foreigners’.

c. Which language was called ‘Englisc’?

Ans:- The language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons was called ‘Englisc’.

d. When did the name ‘Englaland’ come into use?

Ans: - The name ‘Englaland came into use from about AD 1000.

Q:- Discus the future of English in India. Or, Write a note on the future of English in India.

Ans:- India has got its freedom in 1947 from the slavery of Britishers but we could not be free the language of them. Because, our medical science, our technology, our education, our administration etc, are completely based on the language of English. This is the link language of India and it is spreading far and wide in India. English has established in India like native language for our country. Everywhere, all the civilized and cultured persons take to help of this language. Our constitutional rules and regulations are also dealt in this language. We can’t understand the essence of engineering sector of education easily without the help of English. This time English has been established as International language without it we can think nothing. India cannot get international recognition as an economically advancing country without English. English has also generated millions of jobs for the Indian intellectuals via call centres. Good books of science and technology are available in English only. On the above on basis we can say that the future of English is getting brighter and brighter day by day in India.

Q:- What are the three main periods in the history of the English language?

Ans:- The three main periods in the history of English language are:-

a. Renaissance (14^th Century to 17^th Century) – This was the beginning of English language in literature mode.

b. Augustan Age

c. Romantic Revival

Q:- Name the five Indian writers in English.

Ans:-

a. Rabindra Nath Tagore

b. Dr. R K Narayan

c. Sarojini Naidu

d. Mulk Raj Ananad

e. Kamla Das

Q:- Write the names of three modern English poets.

Ans:-

a. T S Eliot

b. W. B. Yeats

c. Walter De La Mare

Q:- Write the name of dramatic elements.

Ans:- The following are the dramatic elements, such as:-

a. Plot

b. Character

c. Dialogue

d. Gesture

e. Scenic effect

f. Music and

g. Soliloquy

Q:- Write a note on the importance of English for Indians.

Ans:- Now-a-day, we all are living in English environment. Without English we can do nothing. It plays an important role in providing a link language to our country. It helps the people of different region on one platform. In fact, we cannot understand our technology, medical science, computer language etc. without help of this language. Therefore, English is the need of Indians.

Q:- Write a brief note on Global English.

Ans:- Since, English has occupied an international reputation. No other language is read and spoken in so many countries as it is used. Naturally, it has become the language of international trade, commerce, science and diplomacy.

In all the countries, English is the main source of dealing their business on international level. Today, science has brought the nations of the world very close. Globalization of economy, diplomacy and technology has made it compulsory for not only Indians but also all the people of the world to learn English. Therefore, English without any doubt must be called global English.

Q:- Write a note on Old English?

Ans:-So far as the Old English is concerned, it refers to the English Language which had been used at early phase of its origination. It was the different mixture of different dialects and words which have become out of use. The spelling of words was also different from the spelling of modern English. For Example: - Thou, art, Aprile, goe etc.

The period of 500 AD up to 1100 AD was the actual period of Old English. In this period, everything was fully depended upon old English. But, when Geoffrey Chaucer entered into literary field the impact of it became down and modern English started in use. Although, most of the words of his and other writers/literary persons wrote in old English language.

Q:- Write a note on the difference between novel and drama?

Ans:- So far as ‘Drama’ is concerned, it is an objective art which is bounded to certain rules and regulation. It is made for acting on stage and divided into acts and scenes. Whereas, a novel is a subjective part. It has no rules and regulations. It is based on comments for each segment of story or events.

Q:-Who is the father of English drama?

Ans:- William Shakespeare is the father of English drama.

English Literature

· 2. Father of English Poetry , Language & Short Story Geoffrey Chaucer (1343? – 1400)

· 3. Father of English Drama William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616)

· 4. Father of English Criticism John Dryden (1631 – 1700)

· 5. Father of English Novel Daniel Defoe(1659 – 1731)

· 6. Father of English Stream of Conscious Novel James Joyce (1882 – 1941)

· 7. Father of English Tragedy Christopher Marlowe (1564 – 1593)

· 8. Father of English One Act Play Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784)

· 9. Father of English RomanticismSamuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 – 1834) William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850)

· 10. Father of English Grammar Lindley Murray (1745 – 1826)

· 11. Father of English Essay Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)

· 12. Father of English Mystery Plays Edger Allen Poe (1809 – 1849)

Periods in the History of English Language/Literature:-

The evaluation of the English language from the beginning in the Anglo-Saxon times to the modern age has been unbroken one. However, it is possible to distinguish three main periods in English language history as follows:-

Old-English Periods – AD – 449 to AD – 1066 – Old English extends from the fifth century, until the Norman Conquest (AD 1066). Through this period, English continued to be the language for everybody speech for the common masses. This age is also known as the Dark Age literature because in this age there were no any significant literary person came in force.

Middle English Period:- AD – 1150 to AD – 1500 – The period from the 1150 to 1500 is called Middle English. During this period, the Old English inflections had lost their ways and the vocabulary of English was thoroughly ‘Romanized’ through extensive borrowings from French and Latin. The end of this period is marked by two important developments. The first was the introduction of printing in England (AD 1476) and the rise of literature. The second development was the diphthongization of the Middle English long vowels known as ‘Great Vowel Shift’. All the factors contributed tremendously to create a language for both spoken and written purposes.

Q:- What do you know about the literature of the age of Middle English?

Ans:- So far as the period of Middle English is concerned it starts form AD 1150 to 1500. In this age the people used to be religious by nature. Therefore, they were involved in religious creations.

Well known writers of this age are –

William Langland – 1332 to 1400

Geoffrey Chaucer – 1340 to 1400

Grower –

Wycliffe -

Note:-

Although, William Langland was elder in age in comparison of Chaucer, still he could not be the father of English Literature. The first book of Chaucer named ‘Canterbury Tales’ was published in the year of 1392 and the famous book ‘Piers The Plowman’ written by William Langland, was published in the year of 1398. By dint of the publication of the book named ‘Canterbury Tales’ Geoffrey Chaucer became the father of ‘English Literature’. The ‘Canterbury Tales’ is considered the first written literature in English language.

MODERN ENGLISH

The English from 15^th century or AD 1500 till now is called Modern English. The period of this age has been divided in two parts –

a. Modern English Phase One and

b. Modern English Phase Two

The following literary persons were well known in this age. They were:-

Literary Persons Works

Edmond Spenser Farie Queen

Christopher Marlow Dr. Faustus

Francis Bacon Bacon’s Essays

Ben Johnson Volpone

William Shakespeare King Lear, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Othello, Macbeth, The Merchant of Venice, The Twelfth Night etc

Note:- William Shakespeare has composed 32 to 36 Dramas and 154 sonnets. His only 32 dramas were published.

Some objective questions:-

Q:- Who did the natives of England call Saxons?

Ans:- They called Germanic invaders Saxons.

Q:- What did the Saxons call the natives of England?

Ans:- They called the natives of England ‘Wealas’ or ‘Foreigners’.

Q:- When did the name ‘Englaland’ come into use? Which word did it replace?

Ans:- The word ‘Englaland’ come into use and about AD 1000 replacing the word ‘Anlecynn’. Thereafter, some years ‘Anlecynn’ replaced totally and the word ‘England’ starts using.

Q:- Name the four dialects of old English?

Ans:- These were – Kentish, Northumbria, Mercian and West Saxon.

Q:- Name the two major influences on the old English.

Ans:- These were Latin and Scandinavian.

Q:- Name the dialects of the middle English?

Ans:- There were five types of dialects used in Middle English. They were – Northern, Southern, East Midland, West Midland and Kentish.

Q:- How many words were brought over from the French during the 13^th and 14^th century? What percentage of these words is in use today?

Ans:- Accordance with an estimate, about 10000 new words brought over from the French into English during this period and out of these almost 75% are in use even today.

Q:- What period was known as an ‘Augustan Age’?

Ans:- The 18^th century has been named the ‘Augustan Age’ in the history of English lieterature.

Q:- When were the dictionary and grammar started in use?

Ans:- In half 16^th and 17^th century the literature of English language was flourishing very fast. Therefore, they needed dictionaries and grammar in these periods. In AD 1755 on 15^th April. Dr. Samuel Johnson published ‘A Dictionary of English Language’. Dr. Johnson took seven years to prepare this dictionary. It contained the definitions of over 40,000 words, together with sentences illustrating their use.

This way, we can say that Dr. Samuel Johnson was the father of English Dictionary.

The birth of Grammar in English language

Apart from dictionary in English language, the literary men required the need of grammars. It was the great need of 18^th Century. A number of notable grammars were written with the aim of setting the English language on the right track by prescribing standard British usage. The following were the famous grammars of 18^th century –

1. Practical Grammar of the English Tongue (William Loughton 1734)

2. The Rudiments of English Grammar (Joseph Priestly , 1761)

3. Short Introduction of English Grammar (Robert Lowth 1762)

4. The British Grammar (James Buchanan 1762)

5. English Grammar ( Lindley Murray 1792)

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