Time and Tense

 

Time and Tense

The ‘Tense’ is a grammatical term used for showing the time of action as well as denoting the various forms of verbs whereas the term ‘Time’ is a non-grammatical universal term. They both are used for showing the time – Past, Present and Future. 

Correct usage of Simple Present / Present Indefinite

Structures: -

Present Indefinite - Subject + Verb1/Verb5 + Object.

Simple Structure – Subject + is/am/are + Noun/Adjective

Rules: -

For showing the simple action in present time we use the Present Indefinite. Such action shows the regular activities. Examples: -

o  We …….. football daily. (play, plays)

o  The children always …… a noise in the class. (makes, make)

o  My mother always ……. me. (chide, chides)

o  I …… you very much. (respects, respect)

o  Do you not …….. God every day? (worship, worships)

o  You speak good English. (speak, speaks)

o  Why do you …… to see me? (laugh, laughs )

o  Where do you go through this way every day? (go, goes)

o  What do you do with this knife? (do, does)

o  You ….. engaged in a mobile for a day long. (is, are)

o  What … she surf on Google in computer? (do, does)

o  Where …..he go with a bag in his hand, wearing a cap on his head, wearing googles on his eyes and applying Teeka on his temple? (do, does)

For showing the present gesture and posture, we use simple present. Example: - 

o  She ….. very beautiful. (look, looks)

o  Radha …… very sad. (look, looks)

o  Today, you …… very sad. (look, looks)

o  They ….. mad. (look, looks)

o  This farmer looks very laborious.

Generally, simple present is used, if we have following adverbs in the sentence – Everyday, Daily, Always, Regularly, Generally, Gradually, once in a + day/week/month/year, Twice in a + day/week/month/year, Three times in a + day/week/month/year etc.

 

Verb + ही रहता है, ही रहती है, ही रहते हैं etc

[Subject + keeps/keep + on + Verb4 ]  /

[Subject + goes/go + on + Verb4 ] /

[Subject + do/does + nothing but  + Verb1 ]

Examples: -

·      वह हमेशा पढ़ता रहता है। - He always keeps on reading. / He always goes on reading. /He does nothing but read always.

·      वह प्रतिदिन  यहां आती है। - She comes here every day.

·      वह महीने में दो बार यहां आता  है। - He comes here two times in a month.

·      राधा हमेशा रोने के अलावा कुछ नहीं करती है  - Radha does nothing but weep always. Radha keeps on weeping always.

·      The children keep on playing always / The children go on playing always / The children do nothing but play always.

Examples: -

·      He always…………to late. (is coming/comes)

·      My father……to meet me once in a week. (has come/comes)

·      She always……….in the class when the teacher is out of the class. (is whistling, whistles).

Find out the errors in the following sentences: -

·      Ram tells/that the girl sitting in the corner/is always winking at me/ when she looks at.

·      When I commit/mistake, my father is always starting rebuking me.

·      The students of computer come to attend English classes twice/two times in a week.

·      My father comes to visit me once in a week.

For showing the running commentary, generally, we use simple present form.

·      Sachin ran after the ball, caught it, and threw it on the stumps. -X Sachin runs after the ball, catches it and throws it on the stumps.

For showing the event for the dramas, cinemas, novels etc., we generally, use simple present.

·      Kabir Das said – X/ Kabir Das says, “…………”.

·      Amitabh Bachchan acts as the role of a beggar in this movie.

·      Katrina acts as the role of Sonia Gandhi in the film ‘Rajneeti’.

If we use the following adverbs/words such as:- Never, Always, Seldom, Hardly, Occasionally, Sometimes, Now and then, again and again, Regularly, Naturally (कभी नहीं, हमेशा, शायद ही कभी, शायद ही कभी, कभी-कभी, यदा-कदा, बार-बार, नियमित रूप से, स्वाभाविक रूप से) etc., we use simple present. As:-

·       He never …… a lie. (is telling, tells, tell)

·      She always …… late in the class. (has come, comes, is coming)

·      The parents hardly ….. their children. (had cheated, cheated, cheats, cheat)

·      Naturally, truth ……… our lives. (modified, is modifying, modifies, modify)

For showing the natural events/universal truth, we have to use simple present. Such as:-

·      The sun …. in the east and sets in the west. (has risen, is rising, rises)

·      Truth …….. us how to live. (taught, is teaching, teaches, teach)

·      The earth ……. round the sun. (is moving, moves)

·      Honesty …… to be defeated but at last, it conquers over dishonesty. (Seemed, seems, seem)

·      An honest man …… erecting his head but a dishonest man always gets disrespect. (walked, walks, walk)

·      Truth …. always victorious. (is, are)

Some important usages of simple present.

·      For the fixed/determined events we use simple present instead of future indefinite.

·      dy eq[;ea=h fnYyh tk;saxs A = The chief minister will go to Delhi tomorrow. (Wrong). The chief minister goes to Delhi tomorrow. (Correct)

Usage of Progressive/Continuous/Imperfect Tense

 If there is the usage ‘Now’ in the sentence we use Present Progressive Tense, means Subject + is/am/are + Verb4 + Object. As: -

·      Now, he……. (weeps, is weeping).

·      Now, my mother ……….. (cries, is crying)

If there is the usage ‘Then’ in the sentence we use Past Progressive Tense, means Subject + was/were + Verb4 + Object. As: -

·      Then, my friend…….(plays, is playing, was playing)

·      Then, my father…… as clerk in the office. (worked, was working, is working)

Sometimes, with ‘while’ we use present continuous or past continuous as per the requirement of the sentence. Such as: -

·      While he is weeping, his father calls him.

·      While he was eating, he died.

There are some verbs in Hindi appeared to be perfect forms but actually they are not translated by the structure of perfect. Instead of perfect we use continuous form as per the requirement. Such verbs are as follows: - Sleep, Stand, Lie, Awake, Put etc. Examples: -

esjs firkth lks;s gq, gSa A = My father has slept. (wrong) = My father is sleeping.

,d fHk[kkjh njokts ij [kM+k gS A = A beggar has stood at the door. (Wrong) = A beggar is standing at the door.

Non-conclusive Verbs: - The Verbs which are connected to our sense organs are called the ‘Non-conclusive verbs’.

(वैसी क्रियाएँ जो हमारे ज्ञानेन्द्रियों से जुड़े हुए हैं वे नॉन-कांक्लुसिव वेर्ब्स  कहलाते हैं .)

These are as follows: -

Love, Hate, Think, See, Like, Dislike, Remember/ Recall, Long for, Consider, Repent, Doubt, Abhor/Detest, Hope, Accept, Refuse/Deny, Prefer, Satisfy, Want, Wish, Desire, intend, Please, Displease, Mean, Suppose, imagine, Forget, believe, Know, Trust, Own, Posses/have, belong to, Contain, Comprise, Include, Involve, Equalize, Cost, Deserve, Depend, Fit, Resemble, Need, Dare, Require etc.

Note: - All the above non-conclusive verbs are not used in continuous form when they have the root meanings.

Translate into English: -

·      वह सोच रही है  - She is thinking -X She thinks.

·      मैं तुम्हें नौकर नहीं मान रहा हूँ – I am not considering you as a servant – X I do not consider as a servant.

·      सीता मुझसे नफरत कर रही है – Sita is hating me- X Sita hates me.

·      वह एक कलम रख रहा है –  He is having a pen. – He has a pen.

·      मैं इस वस्तु को बराबर कर रहा हूँ – I am equalizing this thing. – X I equalize this thing.

But, if they have different meanings, we can use continuous form with these verbs. Examples: -

·      I am thinking to go there – मैं वहां जाने का विचार कर रहा हूँ .

·      I am seeing. – मैं देख रहा हूँ  -x

·      I am seeing you tomorrow. – मैं तुमसे कल  मिल रहा हूँ

Conditional Usage of ‘Time and Tenses’

There are so many sentences or sentence patterns used with different conditions or rules.

Usage of If/When

If – यदि, अगर, When – जब

If/When + (Future) Simple Present + (then) , + Same Sentence.

Examples: -

·      यदि तुम पढोगे, तो परीक्षा पास करोगे. – If you will read then you will pass. If you read, you will pass the examination.

·      यदि वह वहां जायेगा, तो मैं उनसे बात करूँगा – If he goes there, I shall talk to him.

·      जब वे लोग पटना जायेंगे , तो वे लोग गोलघर देंखेंगे. -When they go to Patna, they will visit the Golghar.  

·      यदि उसके पिताजी उसे इस हालत में देखेंगे, तो वे उसको पीटेंगे. – If his father looks him in this condition, he will beat him.

Sometimes, ‘if’ is used to show statement of unfulfilled desire. For this, we use the following structures –

यदि + कर्ता + संज्ञा /विशेषण + होता !

·      If + Subject + were + noun/adjective!  Examples: -

o  यदि  वह एक राजा होता ! – If he was a king! – X If he were a king!

o  यदि  राम  अमीर    होता !- If Ram were Rich!

o  यदि  वह एक भिखारी  होता ! – If he were a beggar!

यदि + कर्ता + क्रिया  + होता !

·      If + Subject + would + Verb1 !  Examples: -

यदि  वह यहाँ  आता  ! – If he would come here!

यदि हमलोग वहां जाते ! – If we would go there!

यदि बच्चे मन से पढ़ते ! – If the children would read attentively!

यदि शिक्षक मन से पढ़ाते ! – If the teacher would teach seriously!

यदि आज के छात्र अनुशासन के महत्व को समझते !- If the students of today would take the value of discipline!

·      यदि तुमलोग अंग्रेजी बोलते! – If you would speak English!

·      यदि भिखारी भीख नहीं मांगते ! – If the beggar would not beg!

·      यदि कृष्ण भी राधा की तरह रोते ! – If the Krishna would weep like Radha!

Translate into English: - (Mixed) –

·      यदि तुम सच्चे होते! – If you were truth!

·      यदि आपके मित्र यहाँ आते ! – If your friend would come here!

·      यदि मेरे पिताजी यहाँ होते ! – If my father were here!

·      यदि मैं वहां जाता ! – If I would go there!

·      यदि तुम गीत गाते और मैं गीत सुनता ! – If you would sing a song and I would listen to the song!

·      यदि वह एक गायिका होती और मैं लेखक होता! – If she were a singer and I were a writer!

·      यदि मैं आपकी जगह होता और आप मेरी जगह होते ! – If I were at your place and you were at my place!

·      यदि वह खेलती और मैं उसे देखता ! – If she would play and I would see her!

Solution: -

·      If you were a robber!

·      If Radha were not ill!

·      If Ganesh were not the son of Parwati!

·      If there were no schools in my village!

·      If you were a parrot!

·      If I would go to college for reading!

·      If the children would reach here on time!

·      If I would know your story!

·      If you would understand my condition!

·      If they would not come here to read!

·      If you would feel my pains!

·      If I would know how to swim in the river!

·      If she would fly in sky like a bird!

·      If my father were not a farmer!

·      If you were a shopkeeper!

·      If I would help you!

·      If I would do something for my parents!

·      If I were also a hypocritic Baba!

·      If you would reach there on time!

·      If he were an engineer!

·      If the children were not ill!

·      If Radha were not poor!

·      If India were a developed country!

·      If you were not my friend!

·      If my grandfather were alive!

·      If Sita would come here!

यदि + कर्ता + संज्ञा /विशेषण + होता , + कर्ता + क्रिया  + होता !

·      If + Subject + were + noun/adjective + , + Subject  would + Verb1 + Object! Examples: -

o  यदि  वह एक राजा होता, तो वह देश की सेवा करता  ! – If he were a king, he would serve the country!

o  यदि  तुम  एक भिखारी  होते, तो तुम भीख मांगते   ! – If you were a beggar, you would beg!

Solutions: -

o  If Radha were not ill, she would comer here, today!

o  If you were not my friend, I would not forgive you!

o  If she were a teacher, she would also teach in school!

o  If I were a chief-minister, I would sell my state!

o  If I had money, I would come here by a car to read!

o  If he were not a teacher, he would not be so praised today!

o  If my father were rich, I would go to Delhi to read.

o  If Kans were a good man, Krishna would never kill.

o  If you were not coward/timid, you would not fear of going there.

o  If the children were intelligent, they would not fail in the examination.

o  If you were a good man, you would not abuse me.

o  If she were a singer, she would also sing.

o  If I were a writer, I would also write the story.

o  If I were a good driver, I would not meet this accident, today.

यदि + कर्ता + क्रिया + होता , + कर्ता + क्रिया  + होता !

·      If + Subject + had+ Verb3+ Object + , + Subject  would + have +Verb3 + Object! Examples: -

o  यदि  वह वहां जाता, तो वह मुझसे मिलता ! – If he had gone there, he would have met me!

o  यदि तुम यहाँ आते, तो मैं वहां जाता !- If you had come here, I would have gone there!

o  यदि राम यहाँ आता, तो हमलोग उनका स्वागत करते! – If Ram had come here, we would have welcomed him!

o  यदि तुम मन से पढ़ते, तो परीक्षा अवश्य पास करते! – If you had read attentively/seriously, you would have surely passed the examination!

o  यदि शिक्षक मुझे नहीं पिटते, तो मैं एक सफल आदमी नहीं बन पाता! – If the teacher had not beaten me, I would not have been a successful man!

o  If you had eaten, I would also have eaten!

o  If she had come here, I would have taught her!

o  If we had gone there, we would have helped you!

o  If she had played and laughed, I would have been happy!

o  If the children had laboured hard, they would have surely passed the examination!

o  If he were a monkey, he would jump tree to tree!

o  If you had helped me, I would have also gone there!

o  If had gone to Market, I would have bought vegetables!

o  If you had sung a song, I would have listened to!

o  If Radha had not gone there, Krishna would not have reached there!

o  If I had not heard your story, I would not have wept today!

o  I wish Radha were not rich!

o  I wish you were not my friend!

o  I wish he were a crow!

o  I wish she were a bird; she would fly in the sky!

o  I wish she were a singer; she would sing a song!

o  I wish Ramu were not a servant, the master would not insult him!

o  I wish I had gone to Delhi, I would have seen/visited the Red Fort!

·      कर्ता + ऐसे  + क्रिया + ता/ती /ते + हैं /हो /है  , + मानो ...

·       Subject + Verb1/Verb5 (Present Indefinite) + as if + Subject + were + …….

Examples: -

·      वह ऐसे हसती मानो वह पागल हो – She laughs as if she were mad.

·      He eats as if he were a glutton.

·      He walks as if he were an elephant.

·      Mohan plays cricket as if he were Dhoni.

·      He speaks as if he were a big saint.

·      He runs as if he were a monkey.

·      She sings a song as if she were Lata Mangeshkar.

·      This Seth speaks as if he were poor.

·      He speaks English as if he were an English man.

·       I wish you were a parrot; you would tell – Sita-Ram, Sita-Ram.

·      Sonu walks as if he were a child Krishna.

·      I wish If I had gone to Agra, I would have visited the ‘Taj Mahal’.

·      I wish if she had been here, she would have learnt English.

·      I wish if he were a beggar, he would beg on the station.

·      He sings a song as he were Kumar Shanu.

·      He speaks as if he were a robber.

·      I went to house to house but nobody helped me.

·      Village after village was drowned in the flood.

जब तक .............................................................तब तक

·      As long as + Simple Present/Present Indefinite, same structure……………….Examples: -

·      जब तक मैं जीवित रहूँगा तब तक आपके दया को भूल नहीं सकता. – As long as I am alive, I cannot forget your kind.

·      जब तक वह यहाँ रहेगी तब तक मैं कहीं जा नहीं सकता . – As long as she is here, I cannot go anywhere.